CognitiveDevelopmental Approaches continued

1
Cognitive-Developmental Approaches - continued

• Jean Piaget
• Lev Vygotsky (you already know this!)
• Sandra Bem
• L. Kohlberg
• Information-Processing

2
Sandra Bem

• Assumptions Gender matters in ALL cultures (in
  presence, not content)
• Gender schemas drive behavior (and thus
  development as well)
• Her research on Gender Schemas and Gender
  Categories
• Her more current work very political

3
Lawrence Kohlberg

• Focus interest is moral development
• Change is driven by cognition
• Differences between immature and mature stages
• Assumptions regarding most moral thinkers
• Carol Gilligan cultural reflections in
  highest level thinkers fairness/justice

4
Information Processing

• Hardware versus software
• Examples
• brain changes (hardware)
• Digit span (hardware)
• Use of strategies (software)

5
Learning approaches

• Classical conditioning (not on this exam)
• Operant conditioning (not on this exam)
• Observational learning new material
• ALL assume that change occurs via learning
  associations among stimuli or between
  consequences and behavior

6
Observational Learning

• 1. How is information portrayed with or without
  consequences (Albert Bandura)
• 2. Characteristics of person being copied
• 3. Cultural variations in how media is used
• 4. Implications for gender behaviors

7
Ethological frameworks

• Biology and evolution survivability and
  reproductive success
• Humans are relatively altricial at birth
• Adaptive value of human infant behaviors and
  characteristics
• Newborn human sensory and perceptual abilities
  not just a blooming, buzzing confusion
• Physical abilities reflexes
• Communicative abilities