Elementary schools

1
Elementary schools

• 20th Century Developments

2
Overview
3
What you need to know

• From instructional to child-centred
• What drill etc
• Who learnt / taught
• When dates
• Where playground, purpose built etc
• Why effects of war etc

4
Changes

• Instructional to child-centred philosophy
• 1950s now - teachers became
  accountable
• Poverty welfare state
• Class system opportunity for all
• Facilities playground purpose
  built
• Teachers class teachers graduate
  PE
• Effects of war
• Class sizes
• National Curriculum
• Initiatives, eg Top Sport, Sports Colleges
• International sport

5
Task

• In groups, do a presentation on each syllabus
• Elementary Drill
• The Model Course
• Early Syllabuses 1904 1909
• The Syllabus 1919
• Syllabus PT 1933
• Moving Growing / Planning the programme

6
Elementary School Drill

• Improving general health of the body rather than
  towards muscular  development.
• The drills were done outside whenever possible to
  allow  for fresh air and deep breathing.
• The movements were done to command so  the pupils
  learn the power of quick and correct response,
  and this involves concentration and quickness of
  thought,  alertness of action, and effort of
  will.
• .

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Elementary Drill cont...

• Fitness for army
• Discipline
• Build men out of boys (like in public schools)
• 1870 taught by non-commissioned officers
• 1890s taught by qualified class teachers

• Why?

• 1870-Board Schools (state schools) set up by
  Foster Ed. Act. No longer parish responsibility
• Compulsory education for aged 5-10years,
  increased to 12 years 1899
• Lack of space, esp. In towns
• 1870 military drill
• 1890s Swedish drill
• 1900 games were considered an alternative to
  Swedish drill

8
1902 Model Course

• Why?

• What?

• During Boer war the large army found it hard to
  defeat the small mobile Boers guerrilla fighters
• Swedish drill blamed
• Claimed working classes were unhealthy unfit
  not prepared properly to fight

• War Office (not education dept) produced this
• Fitness, weapons, discipline, military drill,
  exercies, breathing
• Command-response, eg, attention, march etc
• All group response, ranks
• Taught by NCOs
• Step backwards in progression, gave subject lower
  status
• Large numbers
• Social deprivation

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Early Syllabuses of Physical Training 1904
1909

• School medical service 1908 wanted to improve
  health of the poor
• 1909 teachers had to be trained
• Exercise in open air, suitable clothing
• Large classes, poor facilities
• 1904-109 tables of exercise followed
• 1909 71 tables
• Formal, ranks, marching, free standing exercises,
  group responses, some choice for teachers

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Early Syllabuses of Physical Training 1904
1909 cont...

• Why?

• What?

• Therapeutic effects breathing, circulation,
  posture
• Obedience, discipline, enjoyment
• Alertness, decision making, mind over body

• 1909 Swedish exercises military drill, with
  some enjoyment
• Dancing, simple games
• Danish rhythmic swinging exercises

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The Syllabus 1919

• Why?

• What?

• WW1 many lives lost
• Flu many lives lost
• Enjoyment play for under 7s
• Therapeutic for over 7s

• Child centred, broad
• Free standing exercises positions
• Games for under 7s
• Games, dancing, free movement, general exercises
• More freedom for pupils teachers, less formal

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Syllabus of Physical Training 1933

• Why?

• 1930s Industrial Depression many unemployed
• 2 syllabuses under over 11s
• Fitness
• Therapeutic
• Physique
• Holistic develop mind body
• Skills posture
• Outdoor lessons for health

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Syllabus of Physical Training 1933

• What?

• How?

• Athletics, gymnastics, games
• Skills eg cartwheels, also use of apparatus
• Group work independence variety
• Built on play

• Direct style
• Group work tasks
• Special clothes/kit
• 5 x 20min lessons a week recommended
• Facilities gymnasia
• Still had tables for planning

14
Moving Growing (1952) Planning the programme
(1954)

• Why?

• Following the 2nd World War (1939-45) teachers
  were looking for new educational ways of
  teaching.
• During the war exciting frame apparatus had been
  used in assault courses for soldiers and schools
  adapted these.
• Creativity movement patterns
• With the post-war building programme, all primary
  schools had hall with fixed apparatus and so
  children were able to produce skilled sequences
  on the floor and also complex apparatus patterns.
  Also had to provide playing fields.
• School leaving age 15
• Replace the under 11 section of 1933 Syllabus

15
Moving Growing (1952) Planning the programme
(1954)cont...

• What?

• How?

• Physical, social, cognitive
• Variety
• Enjoyment satisfaction
• Increased involvement
• Agility exercises, gymnastics, dance, games,
  swimming, movement to music

• Child centred enjoyment
• Progressive
• Teachers guided, not directed
• Problem solving, creativity, exploratory,
  discovery
• Individual interpretation open tasks
• apparatus

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Task

• Task 21 pg 63
• Sharpen up your exam technique pg 64 in pairs
• Complete for homework