Using Information Technology

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Using Information Technology

• Chapter 6
• Hardware--Input Output

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Hardware--Input Output Taking Charge of
Computing Communications

• 6.1 Input Output
• 6.2 Input Hardware
• 6.3 Output Hardware
• 6.4 The Future of Input Output
• 6.5 Input Output Technology Quality of Life
  Health Ergonomics

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6.1 Input Output

• Input hardware - devices that translate data into
  a form the computer can process
• Output hardware - devices that translate
  information processed by the computer into a form
  that humans can understand

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6.2 Input Hardware

• Keyboard - a device that converts letters,
  numbers, and other characters into electrical
  signals that can be read by the computers
  processor
• Traditional keyboards

Braille keyboard
One-handed keyboard
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Keyboards

• Specialty keyboards and terminals
• Dumb terminal
• Intelligent terminal
• Internet terminal

Dumb terminal
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Keyboards

• Specialty keyboards and terminals
• Dumb terminal
• Intelligent terminal
• Internet terminal

• Examples of intelligent terminals
• Automatic teller machine (ATM)
• Point-of-sale (POS) terminal

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Keyboards

• Specialty keyboards and terminals
• Dumb terminal
• Intelligent terminal
• Internet terminal
• Web terminal
• Network computer
• Online game player
• PC/TV
• PDA

PDA (Internet terminal)
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Pointing Devices

• Pointing devices - control the position of the
  cursor or pointer on the screen
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Pointing stick
• Touchpad

Mouse for right-handed user
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Pointing Devices

• The mouse and its variants
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Pointing stick
• Touchpad

Ergonomic trackball
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Pointing Devices

• The mouse and its variants
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Pointing stick
• Touchpad

Pointing stick
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Pointing Devices

• The mouse and its variants
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Pointing stick
• Touchpad

Touch pad
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Pointing Devices

• Touch screen - a video display screen that has
  been sensitized to receive input from the touch
  of a finger

Touch screen
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Pointing Devices

• Pen inputPen-based computer system - allows
  users to enter handwriting and marks onto a
  computer screen by means of a penlike stylus
  rather than by typing on a keyboard

Touch screen
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Pointing Devices

• Pen inputLight pen - a light-sensitive penlike
  device connected by a wire to the computer
  terminal

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Pointing Devices

• Pen input
• Digitizer - converts drawings and photos to
  digital data using a mouselike device called a
  puck
• Digitizing tablet - electronic plastic board on
  which each specific location corresponds to a
  location on the screen

Digitizing tablet
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Source Data-Entry Devices

• Scanning devices - imaging systemsScanners -
  devices that use light-sensing equipment to
  translate images of text, drawings, photos, and
  the like into digital form

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Source Data-Entry Devices

• Scanning devices - bar-code readers
• Bar codes - vertical zebra-striped marks you see
  on most manufactured retail products
• Bar-code readers - optical scanners that
  translate the symbols in the bar code into
  digital code

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Source Data-Entry Devices

• Scanning devices - mark- and character-recognition
  
• MICR - Magnetic-ink character recognition. Reads
  the strange-looking numbers printed at the bottom
  of checks
• OMR
• OCR

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Source Data-Entry Devices

• Scanning devices - mark- and character-recognition
  
• MICR
• OMR - Optical mark recognition. Uses a device
  that reads pencil marks and converts them into
  computer-usable form
• OCR

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Source Data-Entry Devices

• Scanning devices - mark- and character-recognition
  
• MICR
• OMR
• OCR - Optical character recognition. Uses a
  device that reads preprinted characters in a
  particular font and converts them to digital code

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Source Data-Entry Devices

• Scanning devices fax machines
• Types of fax machines
• Dedicated fax machine
• Fax modem

Dedicated fax machine
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Source Data-Entry Devices

• Scanning devices - fax machines
• Types of fax machines
• Dedicated fax machine
• Fax modem

Fax modem
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Other Source Data-Entry Devices

• Audio-input devices
• Webcams and video-input cards
• Digital cameras
• Voice-recognition systems

• Record analog sound and translate it for digital
  storage and processing
• Require either an audio board or a MIDI board

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Other Source Data-Entry Devices

• Audio-input devices
• Webcams and video-input cards
• Digital cameras
• Voice-recognition systems

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Other Source Data-Entry Devices

• Audio-input devices
• Webcams and video-input cards
• Digital cameras
• Voice-recognition systems

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Other Source Data-Entry Devices

• Audio-input devices
• Webcams and video-input cards
• Digital cameras
• Voice-recognition systems

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More Source Data-Entry Devices

• Sensors
• Radio-frequency identification
• Human-biology input devices

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More Source Data-Entry Devices

• Sensors
• Radio-frequency identification
• Human-biology input devices

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More Source Data-Entry Devices

• Sensors
• Radio-frequency identification
• Human-biology input devices (biometrics)

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6.3 Output Hardware

• Softcopy - data that is shown on a display screen
  or is in audio or voice form
• Hardcopy - printed output

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Display screens - output devices that show
  programming instructions and data as they are
  being input and information after it is processed

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Screen clarity
• Pixel (picture element) - the smallest unit on
  the screen that can be turned on and off or made
  different shades

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Screen clarity
• Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of space between the
  centers of adjacent pixels the closer the dots,
  the crisper the image

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Screen clarity
• Resolution - the image sharpness of a display
  screen the more pixels there are per square
  inch, the finer the level of detail

• Standard resolutions(horizontal x vertical)
• 640 x 480
• 800 x 600
• 1024 x 768
• 1280 x 1024
• 1600 x 1200
• 1920 x 1440

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Screen clarity
• Refresh rate - the number of times per second
  that the pixels are recharged so that their glow
  remains bright
• The higher the refresh rate, the more solid the
  image looks (less flicker).

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Two types of monitors
• CRT - a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a
  computer or video display terminal
• Flat-panel display

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Two types of monitors
• CRT
• Flat-panel display - made up of two plates of
  glass separated by a layer of a substance in
  which light is manipulated

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Active-matrix versus passive-matrix flat-panel
  displays
• Active-matrix - each pixel on the screen is
  controlled by its own transistor
• Passive-matrix - a transistor controls a whole
  row or column of pixels

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Softcopy Output Display Screens

• Color resolution standards
• SVGA
• XGA
• SXGA
• UXGA

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Hardcopy Output Printers

• Printer - an output device that prints
  characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on
  paper or another hardcopy medium
• Dpi (dots per inch) - resolution measure for
  printers. Specifies the number of dots that are
  printed in a linear inch

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Hardcopy Output Printers

• Impact printer - forms characters or images by
  striking a mechanism such as a print hammer or
  wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an image
  on paper
• Non-impact printer - forms characters and images
  without direct physical contact between the
  printing mechanism and paper

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Hardcopy Output Printers

• Nonimpact printers
• Laser printer - creates images on a drum which
  are treated with a magnetically charged toner,
  and then transferred from drum to paper

Replacing a laser toner cartridge
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Hardcopy Output Printers

• Nonimpact printers
• Ink-jet printers - spray small, electrically
  charged droplets of ink from four nozzles through
  holes in a matrix at high speed onto paper

• Thermal printers - use colored waxes and heat to
  produce images by burning dots onto special paper

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Hardcopy Output Printers

• Plotter - a specialized output device designed to
  produce high-quality graphics in a variety of
  colors

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Hardcopy Output Printers

• Multifunction printer - output device that
  combines several capabilities, such as printing,
  scanning, copying, and faxing

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Other Output

• Sound output - devices which produce digitized
  sounds, ranging from beeps and chirps to music
• Voice output - devices which convert digital data
  into speech-like sounds
• Video output - photographic images which are
  played at 15-29 frames per second to give the
  appearance of full motion

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6.4 The Future of Input Output

• More input devices in remote locations
• More refinements in source data automation
• More output in remote locations
• Increasingly realistic--even lifelike--forms of
  output

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Toward More Source Data Automation

• More refinements in source data automation
• High-capacity bar codes
• 3-D scanners
• More sophisticated touch devices
• Smarter smart cards
• More sensors

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Toward More Source Data Automation

• More refinements in source data automation
• Better voice recognition
• Smaller electronic cameras
• Pattern-recognition biometric devices
• Brainwave devices

Computer-read emotions
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Toward More Output in Remote Locations

• Electronic news tablet - a textbook-sized device
  for downloading a newspaper and then carrying
  around to read

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Toward More Realistic Output

• Display screens--better and cheaper
• Audio--higher fidelity
• Video--movie quality for PCs
• Three-dimensional display

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6.5 Input Output Technology Quality of Life
Health Ergonomics

• Health Matters
• RSIs
• Eyestrain headaches
• Back neck pains
• Electromagnetic fields
• Noise

Carpal tunnel syndrome
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• Ergonomics - a field devoted to making working
  conditions and equipment safer and more efficient

Ergonomic keyboard