Ch 13 personality and emotion

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11 13 08

• Ch 13 personality and emotion
• Ch 14 approaches to self
• Ch 15 personality and social interaction
• Ch 16 sex differences in personality
• And associated lecture material

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11 13 08

• Ch 16
• 1. Sex differences in personality
• 2. Explanations for sex differences
• 3. Implicit sex differences

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Small-group questions
• Does sex matter for personality?
• If so, how do males females differ?

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• History of research on sex differences
• In 1974,
• Men - slightly better at spatial ability tasks
• Women - slightly better at verbal ability tasks
• Men - definitely more aggressive

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• History of research on sex differences
• Subsequent to 1974
• In 1992, fed. government grants
• Authors often required to analyze
• even if not focus of interest
• Should all analyze for sex differences?

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Effect size
• An index of the strength of a difference
• D .20
• D .50
• D .80
• Here, effect size means
• How large the sex difference is

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences
• 1. Can men throw a ball further?
• D
• 2. Does one sex do better in grades?
• D

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences
• 3. Are women better at verbal ability tasks?
• Yes, but difference is
• D
• 4. Are men better at math?
• Yes, but difference is
• D
• However, for spatial rotation tasks, D

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex diffs in early-appearing personality
• Called temperament
• 1)
• ability to control inappropriate responses
• Young girls better at this, d
• 2)
• Ability to be aware of
• Young girls do better at this, d
• Why so?

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex diffs in early-appearing personality
• 3)
• Related to approach, high activity, impulsivity
• Boys are higher in this, d
• Impulsivity
• lack of inhibitory control
• More rambunctious, more discipline issues

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex diffs in early-appearing personality
• 4)
• Feelings, displays of distress, sadness
• No sex difference in children
• Girls thus not more emotional at this age
• Sex differences in Big 5 its facets

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences and big 5
• Extraversion as a whole
• Extraversion facets
• Women higher in
  (but small d)
• Men higher in
  (again, small d)
• Biggest difference is that on
  (d .50)
• Men more dominant, interruptive
• Why so?

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences and big 5
• Agreeableness as whole
• D
• Agreeableness facets
• Women - higher in trust (d -.25)
• Women - higher in tender-mindedness, d -.97
• Related, women , d
  -.60
• Why so?

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences and big 5
• Aggression
• A -
• Men more aggressive,
• Especially (e.g., TAT,
  d .86)
• Smaller SR differences (d .40)
• Why larger differences for projective tests?

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences and big 5
• Violent crime
• Men commit
• Sex main effect
• moderation with higher age

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex, age, violent crime

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences and big 5
• Conscientiousness
• Neuroticism
• At facet level, relations are smaller
• Why are women higher in neuroticism?
• Openness (d -.03)

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences and other traits
• Self-esteem
• However, age differences
• Peaks at age 15-18,
• Then declines
• Over 60,

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences and other traits
• Large sex diff in attitude to casual sex,
• Men more desired lifetime partners,
• Why are men more interested in casual sex?

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Vocational interests people or things?
• Machines, tools
• Carpenters, contractors, farmers, physicists
• High school teacher
• Social workers
• Religious counselor
• Sex difference

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Sex differences in depression
• In childhood,
• At puberty
• Puberty - much tougher on girls than boys
• Why is puberty tougher on girls?
• Diagnosis frequency of major depression
• lifetime incidence among men
• lifetime incidence among women

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Why do sex differences exist?
• Two primary theories
• 1) genetic basis
• 2) culture

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Genetic basis of sex differences
• Must operate on bodies somehow
• Testosterone, estrogen

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Responsible for
• Body hair
• Broad shoulders
• Deep voice
• Height, muscle

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Testosterone
• Injecting testosterone more aggressive animals
• Male criminals, football players, fraternity
  members
• More testosterone than average

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Where evolutionary psychology falls short
• 1) large cultural diversity
• 2) dramatic changes over recent history
• Evolution is

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Culture reinforces sex differences
• inside the house house duties
• outside the house
  unsupervised
• Paralleled by adults
• more home-making, child care
• more bread-winner, yard work

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Award winning child books
• Holding household objects (broom, pots, pans)
• Holding production equipment (pitchforks, plow,
  gun)
• Supports idea of gender roles
• differential norms for boys, girls, men, women

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Important to
• Nigeria, Pakistan
• rigid gender roles, inequality between sexes
• Netherlands, Germany (Iceland!)
• less distinct roles for men and women

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Chapter 16 Sex, Gender, Personality

• Gender roles vary over time
• Women working
• 1960
• 1998
• From 1960 to now
• From 6 to 43 of medical students are women
• From 3 to 45 of law students are women
• Housework
• 1960
• 1995

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Implicit Gender Identity

• Socialization influences self-concept
• Masculine traits
• Feminine traits
• On self-report scales, small/moderate sex diffs
• However, such influences
• May be stronger at
• Self-concept as examined by IAT

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Block 3 not me/feminine vs. me/masculine

• Not me assertive me
• Or ambitious or
• Feminine soft masculine
• them
• I
• it
• warm
• decisive
• self
• tender
• me

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Block 5 not me/masculine vs. me/feminine

• Not me stable me
• Or dominant or
• masculine other feminine
• them
• masculine
• feminine
• self
• rational
• my
• competitive
• their

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Greenwald Farnham Implicit Gender Identity

• Are men more implicitly masculine?
• Implicit self-concept,
• Explicit self-concept,
• Thus, stronger effects at implicit level
• Why so?

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Nosek Gender and Math

• Further, men do better at math
• Why? discrimination?
• They choose non-math majors
• A matter of personal preference then?
• Yes, but where do such prefs come from?
• Preference shaped by invisible forces

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Nosek Gender and Math

• Identity Males

Male
math
me
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Nosek Gender and Math

• Identity Females

Male
math
me
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Nosek Gender and Math

• Conclusions
• 1. Your preferences (e.g., for math or arts)
• 2. Preferences shaped by
• (a) stereotype
• (b) gender self-concept