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April 9, 2009
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GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ACCOUNTING FOR SOLID
WASTE OPERATIONSJames G. Peck, P.E.Vice
President of EngineeringHydro Geo Chem, Inc.
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Emissions Inventory Example Bills Waste
Disposal
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Outline

• Development of Reporting Requirements
• Scope of Reporting
• Quantifying Emissions
• Reporting Emissions
• Recent Developments

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• Development of Reporting Requirements

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Background to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting
Protocols
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Mandatory Emissions Reporting Requirements

• State Programs
• - CA, IA, ME, NJ, NM, OR, WI (in development in
  10 other states)
• Regional Programs
• - Western Climate Initiative (WCI)
• - Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
• - Midwestern Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord
  (MGGRA)
• EPA Rulemaking (Proposed March 10, 2009)
• Federal Legislation
• Note
• RGGI only requires emissions reporting from
  fossil-fuel electric power utilities with 25 MW
  or more electrical power generating capacity,
  which generally does not apply to solid waste
  businesses.
• WRI and MGGRA are still under development, with
  a proposed cap-and-trade program due in calendar
  2009. Solid waste management will reportedly not
  be subject to the regional cap in either program,
  and is recommended to not be included in WCI
  mandatory reporting.

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Voluntary Emissions Reporting Programs

• The GHG Protocol Initiative
• The Climate Registry
• EPA Climate Partners
• Chicago Climate Exchange
• Department of Energy Section 1605(b) program
• State Initiatives

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The Climate Registry

• A non-profit collaboration between several
  states, tribes, and foreign provinces to
  establish consistent standards for estimating,
  verifying, and reporting GHG emissions.
• Governed by a Board of Directors made up of
  representatives of states, tribes, and provinces
  that have agreed to the mission statement of the
  Registry.
• - Participate in the development of a common GHG
  emissions reporting system
• - Provide an accurate, complete, transparent,
  and verified set of GHG emissions data supported
  by a robust verification infrastructure.
• Designed to support both mandatory and voluntary
  reporting standards.
• Provides a central registry for GHG emissions
  reports of reporting members.
• Current Board represented by 41 states, 4 tribes,
  11 Canadian provinces, and 6 Mexican States.

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• Scope of Reporting

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Scope of Reporting under the Climate Registry

• Reporting Obligations
• Organizational Boundaries
• Operational Boundaries
• Establishing a Base Year

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Reporting Obligations under the Climate Registry

• All six greenhouse gasses subject to the Kyoto
  Protocol
• carbon dioxide (CO2)
• methane (CH4)
• nitrous oxide (N2O)
• hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs)
• per fluorocarbons (PFCs)
• sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
• Geographical Boundaries
• Canada, Mexico, U.S. (Optional worldwide
  reporting)
• Level of Reporting
• Entity level, with emissions reported separately
  by facility
• Verification
• Independent third party verifies emissions
  estimate

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Establishing Organizational Boundaries

• Defining the legal entity that is reporting
  emissions.
• Operations vary in their legal and
  organizational structures
• wholly owned operations
• incorporated and non-incorporated joint ventures
• subsidiaries
• In setting organizational boundaries, a company
  selects an approach for consolidating greenhouse
  gas emissions and then consistently applies the
  selected approach to define those businesses and
  operations that constitute the company for the
  purpose of accounting and reporting emissions.

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Setting Organizational Boundaries

• Equity Share Approach
• Greenhouse gas emissions from operations are
  accounted for according to an organizations
  share of equity in the operation. The equity
  share reflects economic interest, which is the
  extent of rights a company has to the risks and
  rewards flowing from an operation.
• Control Approach
• An organization accounts for 100 percent of the
  greenhouse gas emissions from operations over
  which it has control. It does not account for
  emissions from operations in which it owns an
  interest but does not have control. Two control
  approaches
• - Operational Control Full authority to
  implement operating policies
• - Financial Control Ability to direct
  financial policies for economic benefit.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Accounting Categories
From GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and
Reporting Standard, 2004
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Bills Reporting Obligation based on
Organizational Boundary Approach

Bill selects an equity share approach. ?
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Setting Operational Boundaries
Note Biogenic emissions reported separately
from scope emissions in the CRGRP
From GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and
Reporting Standard, 2004
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Identifying Emissions Sources

• First, identify all Scope 1 direct emissions
  sources
• Stationary combustion sources (generators,
  flares, boilers, incinerators)
• Mobile combustion sources (vehicle emissions)
• Physical and chemical processes other than fuel
  combustion
• Fugitive sources
• Biomass combustion sources (CO2 tracked
  separately)
• Second, identify all Scope 2 emissions from
  purchased electricity.
• Third, identify other indirect emissions sources
  for consideration as optional reporting.
• - Outsourced hauling, LFG pipeline operator,
  equipment supplier, etc.

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Defining the Reporting Facilities

• The Climate Registry requires reporting by
  facility.
• - Facility is defined as a single physical
  premises.
• - Emissions from mobile sources that operate
  exclusively within a facility should be reported
  with the facility emissions inventory.
• Emissions from mobile sources that do not operate
  exclusively within a facility can be aggregated
  by geographic location, vehicle type, or fleet.
• - Mobile sources must be assigned a specific
  geographic location based on where they operate
  and report accordingly.
• - State
• - Country
• - North America
• Reporting emissions from mobile sources that
  operate outside of North America is optional.

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Bills Reporting Facilities
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Establishing a Base Year

• Tracking emissions over time is a necessary
  component for establishing emissions targets and
  managing risks and opportunities.
• Public reporting systems require consistency over
  time.
• The problem Corporate structure is not static
  over time.
• Establishing and updating emissions for a base
  year provides a reference point for keeping track
  of changes in corporate structure.
• Can be any year in which a complete inventory of
  emissions is available.
• Bill decides to set his initial reporting year as
  his Base Year.

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• Quantifying Emissions

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Calculating Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• Select a Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculation
  Approach
• Direct Measurement (possibly LFG flares, waste
  incinerators)
• Emission Factors
• Choose Emission Factors and Collect Activity Data
• Determine Tier quality for emission factors
  (chose highest tier possible)
• Apply Calculation Tools for Each Source
• Cross Sector Tools (combustion sources,
  electricity/steam use, AC)
• Sector-Specific Tools (12 specific industrial
  sources)
• Roll-up Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data to the
  Corporate Level

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Activity Data for Bills Waste Disposal

• Amount Source
• Transfer Station
• Emissions from bucket loaders 25,000 gal fuel
  receipts
• Electric power consumption by Transfer
  Station 500,000 kw-hr utility bills
• Fugitive emissions from AC Apply screening
  method
• Landfill
• Fuel consumption by landfill equipment 85,000
  gal fuel receipts
• Electric power consumption 100,000 kw-hr utility
  bills
• Fugitive emissions from landfill Industry best
  practice
• Fugitive emissions from AC Apply screening
  method
• Biogenic emissions (flow rate to LFG
  flare) 2.59x108 scf/yr Flow meter
• Mobile Sources
• Fuel consumption by hauling/transfer
  trucks 850,000 gal fuel receipts
• - Vehicle miles (hauling trucks) 200,000
  mi/yr trip logs
• - Vehicle miles (transfer trailers) 300,000
  mi/yr trip logs
• Fugitive AC emissions Apply screening method

E.g., Local Govt Operations Protocol, 9/08,
Chapter 9 (solid waste facilities)
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Applicable Emission Factors

• Diesel Fuel
• EF 10.15 kg CO2 /gallon All diesel Tier B
  (fuel use, default fuel
  factors)
• 0.0048 g N20 /mile Highway Tier A (fuel use
  control
• 0.0051 g CH4 /mile Highway Tier A
  technology data)
• 0.26 g N20 /gallon Non-Highway Tier A (fuel
  use data)
• 0.58 g CH4 /gallon Non-Highway Tier A
• Electric Power
• EF 1,311 lbs CO2 /MW-hr AZ/NM Grid Tier B
  (known use, default
• 0.018 lbs N2O /MW-hr AZ/NM Grid Tier B
  e-grid factors)
• 0.017 lbs CH4 /MW-hr AZ/NM Grid Tier B
• Biogenic CO2
• EF 0.0262 kg CO2 /cft LFG Combustion Tier C

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Bills Estimate of Emissions from Fuel Consumption

• Hauling Transport Company
• 1.) Transfer Station (2 bucket loaders Off
  highway)
• 25,000 gal x (10.15 x 1CO2 0.00026 x
  310N2O 0.00058 x 21CH4) 256,070 kg
• 282 tons
• 2.) Mobile Sources (Haul trucks, transfer
  tractors Highway)
• 850,000 galx10.15 500,000 mi x(4.8x10-6 x
  310N2O5.1x10-6 x 21CH4) 8,628,000 kg
• 9,511 tons
• Landfill Company
• Scraper, dozer, compactor (Off highway)
• 85,000 gal x (10.15CO2 0.00026 x 310N2O
  0.00058 x 21CH4) 903,000 kg
• 995 tons

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Bills Estimate of Emissions from Energy
Consumption

• Hauling Transport Company
• (500 MW-hr)x(1,311 lbs CO2 /MW-hr)(0.018 lbs
  N2O/MW-hr) x 310 (0.017 lbs CH4 /MW-hr)x21
  658,500 lbs (329 tons)
• Landfill
• (100 MW-hr)x(1,311 lbs CO2 /MW-hr)(0.018 lbs
  N2O/MW-hr) x 310 (0.017 lbs CH4 /MW-hr)x21
  131,700 lbs (65.8 tons)

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Estimate of Emissions from the Landfill

• Fugitive Emissions from Landfill (Local Govt
  Operations Protocol, 9/08)
• Method for Landfills with Partial LFG Collection
  System
• CO2e (tonnes) 19.125 x Q x M x
  (1-DE)(1/CE)x(1-OX)xAF(1-CE) x GWP
• Where
• Q Annual LFG collected by LFGCS (MMSCF)
• M Fraction of CH4 in LFG (measured, or assume
  0.5)
• DE CH4 destruction efficiency (equipment
  dependent, 0.99 for enclosed flare)
• CE LFGCS collection efficiency (assume 0.75)
• OX Oxidation factor (assume 0.1)
• AF Uncontrolled area factor (uncontrolled/contr
  olled surface area)
• GWP Global warming potential for methane (21)
• CO2e 19.125x 259x0.5x(1-0.99)(1/0.75)x(1-0.1
  )x0.5(1-0.75)x21
• 520t (1.1) 15,603t (33) 31,206t (66)
  47,300 tonnes (52,200 tons)
• Biogeneic Emissions from Flare
• CO2e (0.0262 kg CO2/cft)x(2.59x108 scf/yr)
  6,790 tonnes (7,480 tons)

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AC Emissions for Hauling Transport Company
(Screening Method)

• Commercial AC Capacity 35 kg HFC-134
• Operating EF 10 of capacity
• Mobile AC Capacity 1.5 kg HFC-134 (All
  tractors, trucks, loaders)
• Installation EF 0.5 of capacity
• Operating EF 20 of capacity
• Disposal EF 50 of capacity (50 recovery)
• All systems operate year round, 3 mobile systems
  replaced (trucks/tractors).
• Emissions 35 x 0.1 (2 x 1.5 x 0.20) 4.1 kg
  HFG-134 from transfer station
• (305) x 1.5 x 0.20 3 x 1.5 x 0.505
  12.8 kg HFC-134 from trucks
• GWP HFC-134 1,000
• Emissions 4,100 kg CO2e (4.5 tons CO2e) from
  transfer station
• 12,800 kg CO2e (14.1 tons CO2e) from
  trucks/tractors

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AC Emissions for Landfill Operations (Screening
Method)

• Commercial AC Capacity 25 kg HFC-134 (office), 5
  kg HFC-134 (scalehouse)
• Operating EF 10 of capacity
• Mobile AC Capacity 1.5 kg HFC-134 (scraper,
  dozer, compactor)
• Installation EF 0.5 of capacity
• Operating EF 20 of capacity
• Disposal EF 50 of capacity (50 recovery)
• All systems operate year round, no systems
  replaced.
• Emissions (255) x 0.1 3 x 1.5 x 0.20 3.9
  kg HFC-134
• GWP HFC-134 1,000
• Emissions 3,900 kg CO2e (4.3 tons CO2e)

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Facility and Entity Level Reporting
Total 614 t 53,260 t (7,480 t BG) 9,525 t
screening 0.7 lt0.1 0.15 Equity share 614
t 32,000 t (4,490 t BG) 9,525 t Total Equity
Share for Bills Waste Services 42,100 t (4,490
t BG)
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• Reporting Emissions

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Reporting GHGP Corporate Standard

• Reporting entity
• Reporting period covered
• Base year
• Organizational boundaries
• Facility information
• Emissions data for each of the six GHGs under the
  Kyoto Protocol
• Emissions methodology tiers
• Significant emissions changes that trigger a
  revision of base year emissions
• Biogenic emissions (reported separately from
  scope emissions)
• Any exclusions of sources, facilities, or
  operations
• Climate Registry Information System an online
  reporting tool for the Climate Registry which
  automatically calculates emissions and prepares
  reports in the Reporting Protocol format.

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Climate Registry Information System
http//cris.theclimateregistry.org/eats/tcr/index.
cfm
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• Recent Developments

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EPAs Proposed Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting
Rule

• Proposed March 10, 2009.
• Has not been published in the FR yet two public
  comment meetings April 6, 7 (Wash D.C.), April
  16 (Sacramento, CA).
• Applies to a general source categories and source
  categories that emit 25,000 tonnes CO2e/yr.
  Includes MSWLFs that generate 25,000 tonnes
  CO2e/yr of methane and industrial landfills.
  Note no provision for mobile source reporting.
• Excludes biogenic fuel combustion.
• Annual reporting to EPA, beginning in 2011 for
  2010.
• EPA to verify reported data.
• Has extensive methodologies for sector-specific
  emission estimates, including landfill emission
  estimates (Section HH). Requires calibrated
  measurement of gas flow, composition, Pressure,
  Temp.

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Congressional Legislation

• American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009
  (Waxman-Markey) is the latest draft of federal
  climate legislation (released 3/31/09).
• The bill has two objectives (1) promoting clean
  energy and (2) a national GHG emissions
  cap-and-trade program.
• Renewable portfolio standard, includes LFG as a
  renewable source.
• Cap-and-trade program follows closely the U.S.
  Climate Action Partnership proposed legislation
  (does not include LFs
• Does not address how allowances will be
  allocated.
• Creates a federal registry that covers entities
  that emit gt 10,000 tons CO2e/yr, vehicle fleets
  that emit gt 25,000 tons CO2e/yr.
• Base period of 2007 through 2010.
• Preempts State/Local caps for 2012-2017.
• EPA to develop emission standards for
  large/mobile sources.
• Allows for limited use of offsets.
• Removes GHG emissions from criteria pollutant
  consideration under the CAA.
• Note Methane is assigned a GWP of 25.

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• Questions and Comments
• James Peck, P.E.
• [phone] ext 147
• jamesp_at_hgcinc.com

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