Windows and DirectX Programming

1
Windows and DirectX Programming

• Shyh-Kang Jeng
• Department of Electrical Engineering/
• Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering
• National Taiwan University

2
Reference

• C. Walnum, Teach Yourself Game Programming with
  DirectX in 21 Days, Sams Publishing, 2003
• J. Adams ?, ????, ???????, 2D/3D RPG
  ????????????DirectX, ????, 2003

3
Writing a Window Application Program

• File New Projects Win32 Application
• An empty project
• Edit the program
• Compile the program
• Build the program
• Execute the program

4
A Complete WinMain Program (1/7)
5
A Complete WinMain Program (2/7)

• // BasicWindowsApp\WinMain.cpp
• include ltwindows.hgt
• // Function prototypes
• LRESULT WINAPI WndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT msg,
• WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
• void RegisterWindowClass( HINSTANCE hInstance )
• void CreateAppWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance )
• WPARAM StartMessageLoop()
• // Global variables
• HWND g_hWnd

6
A Complete WinMain Program (3/7)

• INT WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,
  HINSTANCE, LPSTR, INT )
• RegisterWindowClass( hInstance )
• CreateAppWindow( hInstance )
• ShowWindow( g_hWnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT )
• UpdateWindow( g_hWnd )
• INT result StartMessageLoop()
• return result
• // WinMain

7
A Complete WinMain Program (4/7)

• LRESULT WINAPI WndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT msg,
  WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
• switch( msg )
• case WM_CREATE
• return 0
• case WM_DESTROY
• PostQuitMessage( 0 )
• return 0
• case WM_PAINT
• ValidateRect( g_hWnd, NULL )
• return 0
• return DefWindowProc( hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam
  )
• // WndProc

8
A Complete WinMain Program (5/7)

• void RegisterWindowClass( HINSTANCE hInstance )
• WNDCLASSEX wc
• wc.cbSize sizeof( WNDCLASSEX )
• wc.style CS_HREDRAW CS_VREDRAW CS_OWNDC
• wc.lpfnWndProc WndProc
• wc.cbClsExtra 0
• wc.cbWndExtra 0
• wc.hInstance hInstance
• wc.hIcon LoadIcon( NULL, IDI_APPLICATION )
• wc.hCursor (HCURSOR) LoadCursor( NULL,
  IDC_ARROW )
• wc.hbrBackground (HBRUSH) GetStockObject(
  WHITE_BRUSH )
• wc.lpszMenuName NULL
• wc.lpszClassName "WinApp"
• wc.hIconSm NULL
• RegisterClassEx( wc )
• // RegisterWindowClass

9
A Complete WinMain Program (6/7)

• void CreateAppWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance )
• g_hWnd CreateWindowEx(
• NULL,
• "WinApp",
• "Basic Window Application",
• WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
• 100,
• 100,
• 648,
• 514,
• GetDesktopWindow(),
• NULL,
• hInstance,
• NULL )
• // CreateAppWindow

10
A Complete WinMain Program (7/7)

• WPARAM StartMessageLoop()
• MSG msg
• while( 1 )
• if( PeekMessage(msg, NULL, 0, 0,
• PM_REMOVE) )
• if( msg.message WM_QUIT ) break
• TranslateMessage( msg )
• DispatchMessage( msg )
• else
• // use idle time here
• return msg.wParam
• // StartMessageLoop

11
Win32 SDK

• Windows 32-bit Software Development Kit
• Provides API (Application Program Interfaces)
  functions for Windows programming

12
Hungarian Notations
13
Common Win32 Data Types (1/2)
14
Common Win32 Data Types (2/2)
15
WinMain Function

• int WINAPI WinMain(
• HINSTANCE hInstance,
• // Instance handle of application
• HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, // Unused
• LPSTR lpCmdLine,
• // Command line options (if any)
• int nCmdShow ) // Show window flag

16
Structure WNDCLASSEX

• typedef struct _WNDCLASSEX
• UINT cbSize // Size of this structure
• UINT style // style of window
• WNDPROC lpfnWndProc// window message procedure
• int cbClsExtra // 0
• int cbWndExtra // 0
• HANDLE hInstance
• // Instance handle from WinMain
• HICON hIcon // Handle to application icon
• HCURSOR hCursor
• // Handle to application cursor
• HBRUSH hbrBackground
• // Handle to background brush
• LPCTSTR lpszMenuName
• // Handle to application menu
• LPCTSTR lpszClassName // Class name
• HICON hIconSm
• // Handle to small application icon
• WNDCLASSEX

17
Style of Window

• CS_CLASSDC
• Share graphics resource with other windows of the
  same class
• CS_HREDRAW
• Redraw the window when the horizontal size change
• CS_VREDRAW
• Redraw the window when the vertical size change

18
Registering and Unregistering a Window

• Register a window
• ATOM RegisterClassEx(
• const WNDCLASSEX lpwcx)
• Unregister a window
• BOOL UnregisterClass(
• LPCTSTR lpClassName,
• // Class name to unregister
• HINSTANCE hInstance )
• // Instance handle

19
Function CreateWindow

• HWND CreateWindow(
• LPCTSTR lpClassName, // Class to use
• LPCTSTR lpWindowName, // Window name (caption)
• DWORD dwStyle, // Style of window
• int x, // x coordinate of window
• int y, // y coordinate of window
• int nWidth, // width of window
• int nHeight, // height of window
• HWND hWndParent, // NULL
• HMENU hMenu, // NULL (or menu handle)
• HANDLE hInstance,
• // instance handle from WinMain
• LPVOID lpParam) // NULL

20
dwStyle Flag (1/2)
21
dwStyle Flag (2/2)
22
Events and Message

• Events
• Generated by users, other programs, or the
  system
• The system will pass message to the window
  program when events occur

23
Dealing with Message
Window Message Queue
Application Message Queue
PeekMessage(. . .) Or GetMessage(. . . )
WM_COMMAND WM_MOUSEMOVE WM_KEYDOWN
WindowProc(. . .)
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Window Procedure

• LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(
• HWND hWnd, // window handle to which
• // the message belongs
• UINT uMsg, // message
• WPARAM wParam, // parameter related to
• // the message
• LPARAM lParam)// parameter related to
• // the message

25
Pass the Message to the Default Message Handler

• LRESULT DefWindowProc(
• HWND hWnd,
• UINT uMsg,
• WPARAM wParam,
• LPARAM lParam )

26
Standard Windows Message (1/2)
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Standard Windows Message (2/2)
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Message Box

• int MessageBox(
• HWND hWnd // Parent window or NULL for
• // none
• LPCTSTR lpText // Message to display
• // in box
• LPCTSTR lpCaption // Caption of window
• // to use
• UINT uType) // Buttons and icon
• // settings

29
Message Box Demo (1/2)
30
Message Box Demo (2/2)

• // MessageBoxDemo\WinMain.cpp
• // skj 10/25/2003
• include ltwindows.hgt
• INT WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,
• HINSTANCE, LPSTR, int )
• MessageBox( NULL, "Test", "Message Box Demo",
• MB_OK )
• return 0

31
DirectX SDK

• A set of low level APIs for game and multimedia
  programs
• Helps the programmers to communicate directly
  with computer hardware

32
Component Object Model

• COM
• Component Object Model
• DirectX is composed of COM objects

33
Downloading DirectX

• ftp//ftp.ntu.edu.tw/Windows/MsDownload/
• http//msdn.microsoft.com/directx
• Or use search engines to find places to download

34
Major Components (DirectX 8)

• DirectX Graphics (combines DirectDraw and
  Direct3D)
• DirectX Audio (combines DirectSound and
  DirectMusic)
• DirectPlay (Internet)
• DirectInput (Reads the keyboard, mouse, and
  joystick)

35
Setting DirectX Directories in Visual C

• Tools Options
• Directories
• Show directories for Include files
• New (button) \Include
• Show directories for Library files
• New (button) \lib

36
Setting DirectX Directories
37
Add Library Files

• Project Settings . . . Link
• Category General
• Object/Library modules

38
Add Library Files
39
DirectX Components, Include Files and Library
Files
40
Old DirectDraw/Direct3D Architecture
41
New DirectDraw/Direct3D Architecture
2D APP
3D APP
Direct3D
DirectDraw
Video Hardware
42
First Direct3D Program (1/10)

• // BasicDirect3DApp\WinMain.cpp
• include ltwindows.hgt
• include ltd3d8.hgt
• // Function prototypes
• LRESULT WINAPI WndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT msg,
• WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
• void RegisterWindowClass( HINSTANCE hInstance )
• void CreateAppWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance )
• WPARAM StartMessageLoop()
• HRESULT InitFullScreenDirect3D()
• void Render()
• void CleanUpDirect3D()
• // Global variables
• HWND g_hWnd
• IDirect3D8 g_pDirect3D NULL
• IDirect3DDevice8 g_pDirect3DDevice NULL

43
First Direct3D Program (2/10)

• INT WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance,
  HINSTANCE, LPSTR, INT )
• RegisterWindowClass( hInstance )
• CreateAppWindow( hInstance )
• ShowWindow( g_hWnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT )
• UpdateWindow( g_hWnd )
• HRESULT hResult InitFullScreenDirect3D()
• if( SUCCEEDED(hResult) )
• WPARAM result StartMessageLoop()
• CleanUpDirect3D()
• return 0
• // WinMain

44
First Direct3D Program (3/10)

• LRESULT WINAPI WndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT msg,
  WPARAM wParam,
• LPARAM lParam )
• switch( msg )
• case WM_CREATE
• return 0
• case WM_DESTROY
• PostQuitMessage( 0 )
• return 0
• case WM_PAINT
• ValidateRect( g_hWnd, NULL )
• return 0

45
First Direct3D Program (4/10)

• case WM_KEYDOWN
• switch(wParam)
• case VK_ESCAPE
• PostQuitMessage(WM_QUIT)
• break
• return DefWindowProc( hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam
  )
• // WndProc

46
First Direct3D Program (5/10)

• void RegisterWindowClass( HINSTANCE hInstance )
• WNDCLASSEX wc
• wc.cbSize sizeof( WNDCLASSEX )
• wc.style CS_HREDRAW CS_VREDRAW CS_OWNDC
• wc.lpfnWndProc WndProc
• wc.cbClsExtra 0
• wc.cbWndExtra 0
• wc.hInstance hInstance
• wc.hIcon LoadIcon( NULL, IDI_APPLICATION )
• wc.hCursor (HCURSOR) LoadCursor( NULL,
  IDC_ARROW )
• wc.hbrBackground (HBRUSH) GetStockObject(
  WHITE_BRUSH )
• wc.lpszMenuName NULL
• wc.lpszClassName "Direct3DApp"
• wc.hIconSm NULL
• RegisterClassEx( wc )
• // RegisterWindowClass

47
First Direct3D Program (6/10)

• void CreateAppWindow( HINSTANCE hInstance )
• g_hWnd CreateWindowEx(
• NULL,
• "Direct3DApp",
• "Basic Direct3D Application",
• WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
• 100,
• 100,
• 648,
• 514,
• GetDesktopWindow(),
• NULL,
• hInstance,
• NULL )
• // CreateAppWindow

48
First Direct3D Program (7/10)

• WPARAM StartMessageLoop()
• MSG msg
• while( 1 )
• if( PeekMessage(msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE) )
  
• if( msg.message WM_QUIT ) break
• TranslateMessage( msg )
• DispatchMessage( msg )
• else
• // use idle time here
• Render()
• return msg.wParam
• // StartMessageLoop

49
First Direct3D Program (8/10)

• HRESULT InitFullScreenDirect3D()
• g_pDirect3D Direct3DCreate8( D3D_SDK_VERSION
  )
• if( g_pDirect3D NULL ) return E_FAIL
• HRESULT hResult g_pDirect3D-gtCheckDeviceType
  (D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
• D3DDEVTYPE_REF, D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8,
  D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8, FALSE)
• if (hResult ! D3D_OK)
• MessageBox(g_hWnd,
• "Sorry. This program won't?\nrun on your
  system.",
• "DirectX Error", MB_OK)
• return E_FAIL

50
First Direct3D Program (9/10)

• D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS D3DPresentParams
• ZeroMemory( D3DPresentParams,
  sizeof(D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS) )
• D3DPresentParams.Windowed FALSE
• D3DPresentParams.BackBufferCount 1
• D3DPresentParams.BackBufferWidth 800
• D3DPresentParams.BackBufferHeight 600
• D3DPresentParams.BackBufferFormat
  D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8
• D3DPresentParams.SwapEffect D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCA
  RD
• D3DPresentParams.hDeviceWindow g_hWnd
• hResult g_pDirect3D-gt
• CreateDevice( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
• D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hWnd,
  D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING,
• D3DPresentParams, g_pDirect3DDevice )

51
First Direct3D Program (10/10)

• if( FAILED(hResult) ) return E_FAIL
• return D3D_OK
• // InitFullScreenDirect3D
• void CleanUpDirect3D()
• if( g_pDirect3DDevice ) g_pDirect3DDevice-gtReleas
  e()
• if( g_pDirect3D ) g_pDirect3D-gtRelease()
• // CleanUpDirect3D
• void Render()
• g_pDirect3DDevice-gtClear(0, 0,
  D3DCLEAR_TARGET,
• D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,255), 0, 0)
• g_pDirect3DDevice-gtPresent(NULL, NULL, NULL,
  NULL)

52
Surfaces

• An area of memory in which you can store and
  manipulate graphical information
• The primary surface (front buffer)
• Back-buffer surfaces
• Image surfaces
• Texture surfaces

53
Surfaces
Video Memory
Display
Primary Surface (Front Buffer)
Back Buffer
54
Creating a Surface for Bitmap

• IDirect3DSurface8 g_pBitmapSurface NULL
• hResult g_pDirect3DDevice-gt
• CreateImageSurface( 640, 480, D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8,
  g_pBitmapSurface )
• if( FAILED( hResult ) )
• // Handle error here

55
Loading Bitmap into Surface

• HRESULT hResult D3DXLoadSurfaceFromFile(
  g_pBitmapSurface, NULL, NULL, image.bmp, NULL,
  D3DX_DEFAULT, 0, NULL )
• if( FAILED( hResult ) )
• DXTRACE_ERROR( Couldnt load bitmap., hResult
  )

56
Accessing Back Buffer

• IDirect3DSurface8 pBackBuffer NULL
• HRESULT hResult g_pDirect3DDevice-gt
• GetBackBuffer( 0, D3DBACKBUFFER_TYPE_MONO,
  pBackBuffer )
• if( FAILED( hResult ) )
• // Handle error here

57
Copying a Rectangle

• HRESULT hResult g_pDirect3DDevice-gt
• CopyRects( g_pBitmapSurface, NULL, 0,
  pBackBuffer, NULL )
• if( FAILED( hResult ) )
• // Handle error here

58
Presenting the BackBuffer

• g_pDirect3DDevice-gt
• Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL)

59
Demo Program SurfaceApp (1/16)
60
Demo Program SurfaceApp (2/16)

• // SurfaceApp\WinMain.cpp
• include ltwindows.hgt
• include ltd3d8.hgt
• include ltd3dx8tex.hgt
• include ltdxerr8.hgt
• // Function prototypes.
• LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg,
• WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
• void RegisterWindowClass(HINSTANCE hInstance)
• void CreateAppWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance)
• WPARAM StartMessageLoop()
• HRESULT InitFullScreenDirect3D()
• void Render()
• void CleanUpDirect3D()

61
Demo Program SurfaceApp (3/16)

• // Global variables.
• HWND g_hWnd
• IDirect3D8 g_pDirect3D NULL
• IDirect3DDevice8 g_pDirect3DDevice NULL
• IDirect3DSurface8 g_pBitmapSurface NULL
• HRESULT g_hResult D3D_OK
• char g_szErrorMsg256
• INT WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
• HINSTANCE, LPSTR, INT)
• RegisterWindowClass(hInstance)
• CreateAppWindow(hInstance)
• ShowWindow(g_hWnd, SW_SHOWDEFAULT)
• UpdateWindow(g_hWnd)

62
Demo Program SurfaceApp (4/16)

• HRESULT hResult InitFullScreenDirect3D()
• if (SUCCEEDED(hResult))
• WPARAM result StartMessageLoop()
• CleanUpDirect3D()
• CloseWindow(g_hWnd)
• if (g_hResult ! D3D_OK)
• DXTRACE_ERR(g_szErrorMsg, g_hResult)
• return 0

63
Demo Program SurfaceApp (5/16)

• LRESULT WINAPI WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT msg,
• WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
• switch(msg)
• case WM_CREATE
• return 0
• case WM_DESTROY
• PostQuitMessage( 0 )
• return 0
• case WM_PAINT
• ValidateRect(g_hWnd, NULL)
• return 0

64
Demo Program SurfaceApp (6/16)

• case WM_KEYDOWN
• switch(wParam)
• case VK_ESCAPE
• PostQuitMessage(WM_QUIT)
• break
• return DefWindowProc(hWnd, msg, wParam,
• lParam)

65
Demo Program SurfaceApp (7/16)

• void RegisterWindowClass(HINSTANCE hInstance)
• WNDCLASSEX wc
• wc.cbSize sizeof(WNDCLASSEX)
• wc.style CS_HREDRAW CS_VREDRAW
  CS_OWNDC
• wc.lpfnWndProc WndProc
• wc.cbClsExtra 0
• wc.cbWndExtra 0
• wc.hInstance hInstance
• wc.hIcon LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION)
• wc.hCursor (HCURSOR)LoadCursor(NULL,
• IDC_ARROW)
• wc.hbrBackground
• (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH)
• wc.lpszMenuName NULL
• wc.lpszClassName "SurfaceApp"
• wc.hIconSm NULL
• RegisterClassEx(wc)

66
Demo Program SurfaceApp (8/16)

• void CreateAppWindow(HINSTANCE hInstance)
• g_hWnd CreateWindowEx(
• NULL,
• "SurfaceApp",
• "Direct3D Surface Application",
• WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
• 100,
• 100,
• 648,
• 514,
• GetDesktopWindow(),
• NULL,
• hInstance,
• NULL)

67
Demo Program SurfaceApp (9/16)

• WPARAM StartMessageLoop()
• MSG msg
• while(1)
• if (PeekMessage(msg, NULL, 0, 0,
• PM_REMOVE))
• if (msg.message WM_QUIT) break
• TranslateMessage(msg)
• DispatchMessage(msg)
• else
• // Use idle time here.
• Render()
• return msg.wParam

68
Demo Program SurfaceApp (10/16)

• HRESULT InitFullScreenDirect3D()
• g_pDirect3D
• Direct3DCreate8(D3D_SDK_VERSION)
• if (g_pDirect3D NULL)
• MessageBox(g_hWnd,
• "Couldn't create DirectX object.",
• "DirectX Error", MB_OK)
• return E_FAIL
• HRESULT hResult g_pDirect3D-gt
• CheckDeviceType(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
• D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8,
  D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8, FALSE)

69
Demo Program SurfaceApp (11/16)

• if (hResult ! D3D_OK)
• MessageBox(g_hWnd,
• "Sorry. This program won't \nrun on your
  system.",
• "DirectX Error", MB_OK)
• return E_FAIL
• D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS D3DPresentParams
• ZeroMemory(D3DPresentParams,
• sizeof(D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS))
• D3DPresentParams.Windowed FALSE
• D3DPresentParams.BackBufferCount 1
• D3DPresentParams.BackBufferWidth 640
• D3DPresentParams.BackBufferHeight 480
• D3DPresentParams.BackBufferFormat
  D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8

70
Demo Program SurfaceApp (12/16)

• D3DPresentParams.SwapEffect
  D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD
• D3DPresentParams.hDeviceWindow g_hWnd
• hResult g_pDirect3D-gt
• CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
• D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hWnd, D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VE
  RTEXPROCESSING,
• D3DPresentParams, g_pDirect3DDevice)
• if (FAILED(hResult))
• MessageBox(g_hWnd,
• "Failed to create Direct3D device.",
• "DirectX Error", MB_OK)
• return E_FAIL

71
Demo Program SurfaceApp (13/16)

• g_hResult g_pDirect3DDevice-gt
• CreateImageSurface(640, 480,
• D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8, g_pBitmapSurface)
• if (FAILED(g_hResult))
• strcpy(g_szErrorMsg,
• "Error creating bitmap surface.")
• PostQuitMessage(WM_QUIT)
• g_hResult D3DXLoadSurfaceFromFile(g_pBitmap
  Surface, NULL, NULL,
• "image.bmp", NULL, D3DX_DEFAULT, 0,
  NULL)
• if (FAILED(g_hResult))
• strcpy(g_szErrorMsg,
• "Couldn't load bitmap file.")
• PostQuitMessage(WM_QUIT)
• return D3D_OK

72
Demo Program SurfaceApp (14/16)

• void CleanUpDirect3D()
• if (g_pBitmapSurface)
• g_pBitmapSurface-gtRelease()
• if (g_pDirect3DDevice)
• g_pDirect3DDevice-gtRelease()
• if (g_pDirect3D) g_pDirect3D-gtRelease()

73
Demo Program SurfaceApp (15/16)

• void Render()
• IDirect3DSurface8 pBackBuffer NULL
• g_hResult g_pDirect3DDevice-gt
• GetBackBuffer(0,
• D3DBACKBUFFER_TYPE_MONO, pBackBuffer)
• if (FAILED(g_hResult))
• strcpy(g_szErrorMsg,
• "Error getting back buffer.")
• PostQuitMessage(WM_QUIT)
• g_hResult g_pDirect3DDevice-gt
• CopyRects(g_pBitmapSurface,
• NULL,0,pBackBuffer,NULL)

74
Demo Program SurfaceApp (16/16)

• if (FAILED(g_hResult))
• strcpy(g_szErrorMsg,
• "Error copying image buffer.")
• PostQuitMessage(WM_QUIT)
• g_pDirect3DDevice-gt
• Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL)
• if (pBackBuffer) pBackBuffer-gtRelease()