European Foreign and Security Policy

1
European Foreign and Security Policy

• Lecture 1 Introduction
• Pieter van Houten
• Department of Political Science, University of
  Sofia
• 16 May 2005

2
Introduction to lecture

• Aim of course introduce some key aspects of the
  EUs foreign and security policy
• Lectures touch only on a few aspects, but some of
  the readings will give a broader overview
• Why study EFSP?
• Has been at center of much debate in EU in recent
  years
• Importance for international politics EU as a
  possible superpower? Transatlantic relations?
• Good window into nature and state of European
  integration. EFSP expected to be the most
  difficult area to pool sovereignty.

3
A European foreign policy?
4
A European foreign policy?

• Problems and failures
• Yugoslavia (early 1990s) the hour of Europe?
• ? not really
• Relations with United States (1970s, 1980s)
• Rwanda
• Kosovo
• Iraq

5
But

• A foreign and security policy seems to have
  developed over time
• Institutionalization (M. Smith 2004)
• Coherent Balkans policy
• Development of ESDP
• Military and police missions in Macedonia, Congo,
  Bosnia
• Policy towards Iran
• Further developments as part of Constitution?
• Policies on new security issues?
• EU as civilian power?
• EU as international economic actor
• Enlargement as foreign policy

6
Definitions and aspects

• Foreign policy EUs relations with other
  international actors (third countries,
  international organizations, etc.), attempt to
  project EUs power (promote interests and values)
  in the wider world
• Security EU policies aimed at the protection of
  its territory and population
• Focus is on EU policies, i.e. common policies
  agreed on by member states, not individual member
  state policies
• Narrow and broad perspectives on EFSP

7
EFSP a narrow perspective

• Focus on traditional foreign and security
  policy diplomatic relations, policy responses
  to international conflicts and crises, defence
  policy and military cooperation
• Now known as the Common Foreign and Security
  Policy (CFSP), which includes the European
  Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)
• Located in the Second Pillar of the EU
• Focus of much of the literature on EU foreign
  policy

8
EFSP a narrow perspectiveMain developments

• 1950 Creation of NATO
• 1951-1954 Failed attempt to establish EDC
• 1954-1955 Formation of WEU
• 1969 Start of EPC
• 1969-1991 Slow and uneven development of EPC,
  WEU reactivated
• 1992 (Maastricht) establishment of EFSP pillar
  in the EU
• 1992 Declaration of Petersberg tasks
• 1997 (Amsterdam) Strengthened role of Council
  to instruct WEU, office of High Representative
  established (not filled until 1999)
• 1998 (St Malo) FRA-BRI initiative on EU defence
  cooperation
• 1999 (Helsinki) Agreement on ESDP (formalized
  in Nice 2000)
• 2003 Approval of a European Security Strategy
• 2004 Draft EU constitution

9
EFSP a broader perspective

• Focus on the whole range of foreign and security
  policies and engagements of the EU
• Includes narrow perspective, but also policies
  falling under the JHA Pillar (incl. police
  deployments abroad) and the wide range of foreign
  economic policies
• Is perhaps harder to study, but is what is
  relevant from the perspective of an external
  actor dealing with the EU
• Increasing realization in the EU that foreign and
  security policies are cross-pillar affairs,
  although not always the case in practice

10
EFSP a broader perspective

• Objectives (K. Smith 2003)
• Encouragement of regional cooperation and
  integration
• Promotion of human rights
• Promotion of democracy and good governance
• Prevention of violent conflicts
• Fight against international crime

11
EFSP a broader perspective

• Instruments and types of policies
• CFSP actions and policies (incl. defence)
• JHA actions and policies
• External economic policy (tariffs, quota, etc.)
• Economic agreements, associations
• Economic aid, economic sanctions
• Conditionality
• Membership

12
Questions

• How have policies developed over time?
• What is the policy-making process in the various
  areas?
• Why more developments in some areas than in
  others (Hix 2005)?
• Why do states have different preferences over
  these issues (Koenig-Archibugi 2004)?
• What are the consequence of EFSP (for the EU,
  external states, the international system?
• Is there still a capabilities-expectations gap?
  If so, can it be closed?
• What kind of international actor is the EU?

13
Overview of course

• The EFSP policy-making process
• EU, NATO and the politics of conditionality
• EU policy towards Yugoslavia (until 1995)
• EFSP and Turkey
• The draft EU Constitution and EFSP
• The EU as international actor
• Concluding remarks