Introduction into Political Sciences by Joseph Marko

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Introduction intoPolitical
SciencesbyJoseph Marko

• Lecture, Fall term 07/08

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Political Sciences

• Political Theory
• Areas
• - Political Theories and History of Ideas
• - Comparative Government and Politics
• - International Relations
• Approaches
• - Normative - ontological
• - Empirical - analytical
• - De-constructive - neo-institutional

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Political Sciences

• Methods Qualitative, Quantitative, Comparative
  
• - Historic and institutional studies
• - Behavioural analyses
• - Rational choice theory
• - Discourse analyses
• History
• - Philosophy Aristotle, Plato Rawls,
  Habermas
• - Sociology Durkheim, Weber Parsons,
  Luhmann
• - Economy Schumpeter, Downs

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Political Sciences

• Normative - ontological approach
• - The essence of democracy, people, nation
• -- Ethno-nationalism and primordial theories
• Empirical-analytical approach
• - H. Laski Who does what, how and why ?
• -- Behaviourism
• -- Functionalism
• -- Systems theory

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Political Sciences

• David Eastons Model

Economic Subsystem
Cultural Subsystem
Political Subsystem
Autonomy
Oligarchy
OUT-PUT
IN-PUT
Parties Interests Organisations Media
aggregate represent articulate
Efficiency Coercion
Feed back
Values Interests
Society
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Political Sciences

• Ideologies
• - Anarchism
• - Christian social thought
• - Communism/ Socialism New Left
• - Conservatism
• - Fascism/ Nazism New Right
• - Liberalism Communitarianism
• - Nationalism Ethno-nationalism -
  Multi-culturalism
• - Racism
• - Religious Fundamentalism

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Political Ideologies

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Political Ideologies IIRelationship Individuals
- Groups

• Lib. Comm. CSL
  Cons. Coll

Priority of the Individual Priority of the
Group
Freedom Freedom Equality Solidarity
Tradition Collectivity Strict
Accomodation of Personalism Family
Leader Individiualism Individ. Interests
Corporation One Party Power,
and Collective Church
Monopoly Interests Goals of
Power Billboard Institutions
Subsidiarity State
Imperialism Model of
Nation Society Contract Subjection
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Political Sciences

• Key concepts
• - Models of integration
• -- State Political system
  Politics
• -- Government Governance
• -- Power Sovereignty, Legitimacy
• -- Democracy
• Liberal - social
• Formal - substantive
• Equality - Difference
• -- Civic culture Parochial - Participatory

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Political Sciences

• Key Concepts
• - Models of Conflict
• -- Revolution, Reform, Transition
• -- Class conflict
• -- Elite Theories
• -- Pluralism

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Political Sciences

• Levels
• - National Centralisation - Decentralisation/
  Devolution
• - Sub-national Federalism, Regionalism, Local
  self-gvt.
• - Transnational CBC
• - Meta-national Regional cooperation of states
  CoE, NAFTA
• - Supra-national Delegation of powers to newly
  formed institutions with
  autonomous decision-making power
• - International IOs, inter-governmental
  cooperation
• - Global TNCs, inter-dependence, competition,
  de-regulation
• - Utopia World economy World
  state ?

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Political Sciences

• Comparative Government
• Forms of Government
• - Aristotles scheme of classification
• - Autocratic - democratic regimes
• - Weak/ failed states State and nation-building
  - good governance
• Based on comparison of constitutions and
  institutions
• Comparative Politics
• - Parties, interest organisations
  (Neo-Corporatism)
• - Civil society, political culture
• Actors and process oriented comparision
• Marko

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Political Sciences

• Aristotles system of classification

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Political Sciences

AUTOCRATIC DEMOCRACY REGIMES
Representative
Direct
Parliamentary Soviet
legislative fusion
of Dictatorship supremacy
powers Assemblies
vote of
imperative township Authoritarian
non-confidence mandate
Totalitarian Initiative
Presidential
strict separation State Society
of powers
Referendum
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Political Sciences

• Totalitarianism
• - 1925 Mussolini Stato totalitario
• - 1957 C.J.Friedrich/ Z. Brzezinski
• -- State ideology
• -- One party monopoly
• -- Terrorist secret police
• -- Monopoly on information
• -- Monopoly on weapons
• -- Centrally planned economy

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Political Sciences

• Transition to Democracy
• - Phases
• -- Liberalisation
• -- Revolution
• -- Consolidation
• - Areas Politics - Economics - Culture
  (simultaneous)
• - Sustainability
• -- Constitutions and Institutions
• -- Representative structures parties, interest
  organisations
• -- Political culture Media, education system
• - SEE Failed states, reconstruction and
  reconciliation

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Majority - Consensus Government
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Political Sciences

• International Relations
• Actors
• - States
• - Peoples (liberation movements)
• - International Organisations
• - INGOs
• - TNCs
• - Individuals
• Processes Conflict - Cooperation - Integration

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Political Sciences

• Principles and Problems
• - States
• -- Sovereign equality
• -- Prohibition of use of force
• -- Non-intervention
• - Peoples
• -- Self-determination versus Sovereignty
• Territorial integrity Secession ?
• - Human and Minority Rights
• -- Humanitarian Intervention ?

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Political Sciences

• Structures
• - 1945 - 1989 Bi-polar
• -- East-West-Conflict 2 Superpowers and
  military and economic blocs
• -- North-South-Conflict
• -- Cooperation in universal and regional
  organisations UN, IMF, Worldbank, GATT CoE,
  CSCE, EFTA
• -- European Integration

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Political Sciences

• Structures
• - 1989 - Asymmetric multi-polar
• -- US - EU, Russia, China, Japan, India
• -- War and Peace Civil wars -
  Humanitarian Intervention, International
  Terrorism
• -- Development UN-Millenium goals
• -- Environment

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Political Sciences

• Trends
• - Peace From peace-keeping to peace-making and
  post-conflict peace-building Empire lite
  BiH, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq
• - Economy
• -- Globalisation
• -- Under-development Aid, growth, sustainable
  development
• - Constitutionalisation UN-Reform, ICTY, ICC

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Political Sciences

• European Integration
• Historical background
• WW II, Marshall-Plan, East-West - conflict
  Soviet bloc COMECON 1949
• Economic Integration Supranationalism and
  re-action
• - 1952 European Coal and Steel Community
• - 1958 European Economic Community (EEC)
• EURATOM
• - 1960 EFTA

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Political Sciences

• Widening
• - 1963 Association agreement with Turkey
• - 1973 GB, Denmark, Ireland
• - 1981 Greece
• - 1986 Portugal and Spain
• - 1995 Austria, Finland, Sweden
• - 2004 Eastern Enlargement (10 countries)
• Left-overs
• - Eastern Balkans (Bulgaria, Romania)
• - Western Balkans (Croatia, BiH, SM, FYROM,
  Albania)
• - Turkey The eternal candidate ?
• New Neighbourhood policy East and South

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Political Sciences

• Deepening and Constitutionalisation
• - 1968 Customs Union fully operational
• - 1986 Single European Act Single Market until
  1992
• - 1993 Maastricht Treaty
• -- European Union
• -- Economic and Monetary Union until 2002
• -- Three-Pillar-Structure EU, CFSP, JHA
• - 1997 Amsterdam Treaty
• - 2000 Nice Treaty Charta of Fundamental
  Rights
• - 2004 Constitution-Treaty Ratification failure

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Political Sciences

• Theories of European Integration
• - Federalism
• - Neo-functionalism
• - Inter-governmentalism
• - Supra-nationalism
• - Multi-level governance

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Political Sciences
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Political Sciences

• MLG
• EU is no state ? (Federalism)
• EU is no market
• EU is not reduced to intergovernmental
  negotiations

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Political Sciences

• MLG
• - no longer state centered, but actor
  oriented
• - main concern of analysis
• decision-making process, not why does
  European integration happen

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Political Sciences

• MLG
• - from government to governance
• focus no longer on law-based institutions
  and hierarchies, but on informal networks and
  processes
• - from representative to participatory
  democracy

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Political Sciences

• MLG
• - EU-law approach and Governance approach
  compared
• EU-law direct effect, supremacy
• MS is black box loss of competences
  compensated through institutional participation
  explanation in terms of separation of powers
  model (vertical, horizontal)

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Political Sciences

• MLG
• - European Governance (White Book 2001)
• - EU closer to the citizens
• - more efficiency
• - re-inforce democracy
• - consolidate legitimacy

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Political Sciences

• MLG
• Principles Subsidiarity, Proportionality,
  Participation
• Methods
• Mainstreaming
• Regulatory Impact Assessment Open Method of
  Co-ordination
• Geographical decentralisation involving
  regional/local players in designing and applying
  European standards and policies

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Political Sciences

• MLG
• Geographical decentralisation through
• Systematic dialogue with associations of local
  authorities
• Target-based agreements and contracts between
  Commission and regions
• Creating a framework for transnational and
  interregional co-operation among regional and
  local actors