Development Policy and Management

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Development Policy and Management

• PIA 2501
• Week Eight

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GovernanceLocal Administration and Development

• Myths of the Grass Roots

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Development Themes

• Development Theory
• Development Planning and Management
• Governance, Local Government and Civil Society
• Human Resource Development
• Donors and Development

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Development Themes-Authors

• I. Planning vs. Implementation-
• Jeffery Pressman
• Naomi Caiden
• Aaron Wildavsky

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Development Themes

• II. Gender and Development-
• Isabel Allende
• Sue Ellen Charlton
• Kathleen Staudt

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Development Themes

• III. Cultural Issues Clash of Civilizations and
  Chaos Theories
• V.S. Naipaul
• Samuel Huntington
• Monte Palmer
• Jorge Luis Borges

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Theme Three

• Governance,
• Local Government and Civil Society

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Governance and Sovereignty

• "Transformation (and globalization) has led to
  a reinvention of government and what it does
• - Anonymous

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Governance an Overview of Issues

• Focus of International Development Post-2001
• Democracy and Governance
• Human Rights
• Basic Terms The Environment of Development

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Terms

• Governance
• Manner in which the state is created, modified
  or overthrown

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Governance and theState

• Sovereignty
• Authority to Govern (Ostrom)
• Presumption of Independence
• A National Government status given by
  International Community and by use of
  International Law
• "States will necessarily remain central actors in
  development policy and development management."
• - Milton Esman

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Governance Issues

• Local Government
• Primary unit of government that has both
  political leadership and bureaucratic structures

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Governance Issues

• Civil Society
• Associations and organizations that are beyond
  the clan and the family and short of the state
  (does not include state organs)

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Civil Society

• Definition
• Networks of organizations, groups and individuals
  pursuing socio-economic interests
• "Beyond the family but short of the state
• - Hegal
• "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of
  Citizenship
• - First vs. Second generation

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Democracy

• Two Views

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Democracy What is it?

• "It is only when men learn what it means to be
  free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon
  the exercise of authority so that no one is
  allowed to become master of the others that human
  beings have the possibility of creating mutual
  relationships which they may freely enter and
  leave as they seek mutually productive patterns
  of human development." - Vincent Ostrom

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Democracy What is it?

• The policy makers have rational interests--to
  develop their countries, to improve the condition
  of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or
  to steal as much as possible.
• Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

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Types of Democracy Terms

• Direct Democracy
• Actual direct participation of a population in
  decision-making about laws and regulations
• Town hall or village model
• Indirect Democracy
• Some form of representative democracy
• Pluralism
• Existence of various diverse interest
  associations, individuals and groups within
  society

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Types of Democracy, cont.

• Polyarchy
• Diverse interest associations of society compete
  with each other over policy issues (Structured
  Pluralism)
• Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism)
• Diverse interest associations cooperate with each
  other and with organs of the state to make policy

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James Madison and Democracy The Warning

• The problem with majorities
• Tyranny
• Factions

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Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy

• Problem with Populism
• Mob Justice
• Minority rights
• Shifting majorities
• Problem with Plebiscites
• Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

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Governance and Sovereignty

• Rules of the Game politics
• Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics
• "Splintering
• Break up of states--centrifugal forces
• Interest Group Liberalism The goal?
• Civil Society as organizational
• Not the individual or the mass

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Governance and Sovereignty

• The need for apathy?
• Constitutional vs. Social stability
• Institutional structures
• Checks and balances
• The Institutional State
• What is the "Institutional State? Why is it
  important?

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Decentralized Governance

• Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should
  not do what can be done by lower units

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What Local Government Does

• Services local roads, sanitation, water, basic
  health, primary education
• Depend Upon Skilled Personnel
• Fiscal/budget allocation
• Taxes and transfers
• Planning
• Strategic priorities
• Managing
• Implementing

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Local Government and theLocal State

• Local State vs. Local Government
• Functional vs. Territorial Control
• Devolution
• Urban vs. Rural
• Urban linked with Rural

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State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
SOFT STATE.PREDATORY STATE
Mono-State...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in
place...Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Local - SOFT STATE.LOCAL GOVERNMENT
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Local Government and Development The Goal

• Bottom Up Participation Planning vs. politics
  myths of participation

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The Goal

• Learning Process Model--incrementalism-
  theoretical alternatie
• Bottom up and interactive
• Village development committees vs. local planning
  officers
• Paternalism of the district officer vs. patronage
  of local level minor networks
• Street level bureaucrats vs. agents from center

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The Primary Unit of Government

• Municipality Lowest level with Bureaucrats
• English/American
• Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)
• Continental European
• Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

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Decentralization and Local Government Models

• Devolution
• Deconcentration
• Delegation
• Privatization

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Deconcentration

• Functional vs. Prefectoral
• Prefectoral integrated
• Prefectoral unintegrated

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Control Systems
Functional
Home Affairs
Local Govt.
Labor
Education
Agriculture
Public Works
Council
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
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Control Systems
Prefectoral - Integrated
Interior
Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
District Office
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
Council/Chief
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Control Systems
Prefectoral - Unintegrated
Local Govt.
Interior
Labor
Education
Agriculture
Public Works
Police
District Office
Council/ Chief
Police
District Labor Office
District Ed. Office
District Ag. Office
Public Works Office
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Author of the WeekArturo Escobar

• What Does Escobar say about the concepts
  Development Economics and Planning?
• How does he "Deconstruct" development?
• What does that mean?
• "What Is To Be Done?" according to Escobar.

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Graham GreeneThe Quiet American

• Themes
• The US Mission
• The Third Force
• The Advantage of the Revolutionaries
• The French View?

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Graham GreeneThe Quiet American

• Characters
• The American and the Americans theory of
  development
• The British Journalist--Engage?
• The Vietnamese Woman (Passive?)
• Conclusions about Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy?

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Discussion

• What Does the Reading Tell Us About Development
  Policy and Management?