Modelling of EIAEMS Integration for Proposed Projects

1
Modelling of EIA/EMS Integration for Proposed
Projects
Ph.D. Thesis By Ufuk MALAK, M.Sc.Environmental
Engineer
Supervisor Prof. Dr. Ilhan TALINLI
2
CONTENTS

• Part 1. Introduction
• Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
• Part 3. Environmental Management System
• Part 4. Environmental Risk Assessment
• Part 5. Modelling
• Part 6. Model Software
• Part 7. Results and Conclusion

3
Part 1. Introduction

• Environment undergoes a continual change
• Industrialisation (development projects)
  increased environmental degradation.
• In 1960s, growing environmental awareness has
  focused attention between development actions and
  their environmental consequences
• Increased awareness of ecological limits to
  industrial growth has stimulated considerable
  interest in developing tools and techniques.

Part 1.Introduction
4

• Attempts to evaluate the environmental
  consequences of human activities, before such
  activities take place, is an essential part of
  environmental planning and management.
• Systematic identification and evaluation of
  potential impacts of proposed projects relative
  to physical-chemical, biological, cultural and
  socio-economic components of total environment
  should be made.
• From that point of view, an assessment tool of
  likelihood impacts was firstly developed in
  Unites States at the beginning of 1970s with the
  name of
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA).
• EIA is used as prerequisite for most of proposed
  projects as a Decision Making Process.

Part 1.Introduction
5

• EIA has found a great application area among the
  countries since 1970.
• Many evaluation methods are developed and used.
  But towards 1990s, its effectiveness and role in
  sustainable developments are strongly discussed.
• Monitoring, audit and third party certification
  become important as continuos improvement for
  sustainable development (Rio declaration) become
  very important.
• 1990s Environmental Management Systems standards
  are developed as a response to various local and
  global environmental problems.
• Its aim is systematically manage all
  environmental aspects of a facility during
  operational phase.

Part 1.Introduction
6

• Need to evaluate new methodologies are discussed.
• Some projects are escaping any kind of assessment
  even they have important impacts. EIA is not
  applicable to all activities but EMS is.
• It is discussed as best time to introduce an EMS
  is early stages of planning.
• Cumulative EIA is important by means of time and
  space but traditional EIA does not include it.
• Also, definition of effected environmental is
  done but no quantitative results are given in EIA
  studies.
• Most EMS uses the results of EIA and tries to
  systematically manage facility.

Part 1.Introduction
7

• In this study
• A determination scale model of EIA and EMS will
  be presented.
• This model will be determination scale that allow
  of project construction or not.
• It will give quantitative and repeatable results
  with its new evaluation method.
• The model will be a feasibility study to
  decision-makers.
• It will integrate EMS in to EIA studies and
  correspond EMS requirements.
• Model could be run for alternative processes for
  further decision makings.

Part 1.Introduction
8
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

• EIA
• The main purpose of EIA is to inform
  decision-makers of the likely impacts of a
  proposal before a decision is made.
• is an action forcing mechanism concerned with the
  potential (or real) impacts of proposed (or
  existing) human activities (and their
  alternatives) on the human and natural
  environments.
• is a planning tool used to predict and evaluate
  the impacts of proposed projects in order to
  assist decision-making.
• has long been considered an important tool for
  the environmental management of development
  projects.

Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
9

• studies are potentially an important instrument
  for furthering sustainability in public and
  private decision-making
• should compare alternatives to a proposed project

Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
10
EIA History

• It is first introduction is in U.S. By NEPA in
  1970.
• It has been applied around the world more than
  30 years.
• It was appeared in Canada in 1973 (law in 1995),
  
• in EU in 1985 and 1997 for member countries
• In Turkey, first legislation was published in
  1993, than second version in 1997 and two
  additions in 2000.
• Others are published in very different dates
  (from 1972 until today.

Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
11
EIA Process
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
12
EIA Evaluation Methods Checklists

• Checklists are standard lists and they are one
  dimensional
• They give an overview of the range of impacts.
• They do not illustrate interactions between
  effects.
• Nos statements of likelihood of occurrence are
  being made.
• Because of subjective nature of estimates, they
  are wont be filled out identically by different
  investigators.

Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
13
EIA Evaluation Methods Matrices

• They are very likely the most popular and widely
  used impact identification methodologies.
• Leopold matrix (1971) is the most famous one.
• One-dimensional check lists are expanded to
  two-dimensional matrices.
• Alternative actions and their impacts can be
  seen.
• Very often conclusion is stated as a numerical
  value or symbol indicating the level of intensity
  of the effect.

Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
14
EIA Evaluation Methods Networks

• It was developed to consider secondary, tertiary
  and high-order impacts.
• Developed by Sorensen in 1971.
• They are mostly used in different land uses as
  tree removal during area preparation and its
  predicted effects as increased surface run-off
  and removal of top soils.

Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
15
Major Failures

• A major failing of EIA practise has been the
  common use of EIA purely to achieve a development
  permit, rather than as a tool to achieve sound
  environmental management within the projects
  objectives of on a broader regional or national
  basis.
• Its ability to predict impacts and to address
  issues of uncertainty in complex and dynamic
  environmental systems is very difficult.
• There many questions about its role in decision
  making process
• It is often considered as a bureaucratic burden.
• It also considered as time any money consuming
  step.

Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
16
Part 3. Environmental Management System

• EMS provides a mechanism for organisations of any
  size to improve the way they manage environmental
  activities.
• EMS help an enterprise as
• Identify and control environmental aspects,
• achieve its policy, objectives and targets,
• establish short, medium and long term goals for
  environmental performance,
• monitoring continual improvement

Part 3. Environmental Management System
17

• EMS for an enterprise is the systematic
  management of resources and wastes by policies,
  documents, procedures, inventories, monitoring
  and audits.
• Detailed process survey is required to identify
  all environmental aspects.
• There are systems standards to implement EMS in a
  enterprise or a facility.

Part 3. Environmental Management System
18
Part 3. Environmental Management System

• History of EMS
• British Standards (BS 7750)
• Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
• International Standards of Organisations
  Standards (ISO 14000)

Part 3. Environmental Management System
19
BS 7750

• It is the first EMS standards
• Published in 1992
• Reviewed and replace in 1995
• Became very popular right after its publication

Part 3. Environmental Management System
20
EMAS

• It is published as regional legislation for UE
  member countries.
• Firstly adopted in 1993.
• Replaced BS 7750
• The revised regulation was published in March
  2001 (provides integration with ISO 14001)

Part 3. Environmental Management System
21
ISO 14000

• Developed by International Organization for
  Standardization - Strategic Advisory Group on the
  Environment -Technical Committee
• TC 207 started in 1991
• Published in September 1996
• Today most widely used EMS standards in the world
• Adapted to the other standards as ISO 9000

Part 3. Environmental Management System
22
EMS standards today
Part 3. Environmental Management System
23
Standards ISO 14001

• It is the most popular and widely used standards
  in the world.
• Only ISO14001 is the certification part, while
  others documents for EMS.

Part 3. Environmental Management System
24
Part 4 Environmental Risk Assessment

• It is the most popular and widely used standards
  in the world.
• Only ISO14001 is the certification part, while
  others documents for EMS.

Part 3. Environmental Management System
25
Relation between, EIA, EMS and ERA

• EMS mostly uses the results of the EIA (when
  applicable)
• Best time to introduce an EMS is the EIA phase of
  the process.
• ERA term sometimes corresponds to EIA.

Part 3. Environmental Management System
26
PART 5 MODEL
Part 3. Environmental Management System
27
Model Approach

• In this study, integration of EIA and EMS for
  proposed project are modeled.
• Model are designed to correspond the needs of
  both EIA and EMS.
• It is though that all required data for the model
  should be given in addition to project designs.
• Since this is the decision making model, a
  determination scale at the end of the model will
  be evaluated.
• Model is divided into two parts as state of
  environment part and environmental impacts and
  management parts.

Part 5. Model
28
Model Approach first part of the model

• All project firstly effect their surroundings
  (near environment)
• The definition of current state of environment
  should be done.
• It is possible to allow a project construction
  one some area because of its environmental
  sensitivity, but
• It may not be possible to allow a project
  construction on another area because of its
  environmental sensitivity.

Part 5. Model
29
Model Approach first part of the model

• Quantitative definition of effected environment
  with boundaries should be done in each case.
• That allow as in one region how much project
  construction can be allowed. It gives where to
  stop for new development projects.
• Changes in state of environment will directly
  give idea about cumulative EIA.

Part 5. Model
30
Model Approach second part of the model

• Environmental impacts and their management should
  be done at very early stages of the project.
• As the first part, a permission san be given to
  one project because of its possible environmental
  impacts on a area, some other projects can not be
  allowed to build on the same area.
• The second part will say how much work will the
  project need to get permission.
• The second part can easily evaluate the
  alternatives of the project.

Part 5. Model
31
Model Approach

• Results of the model will be presented in
  values.
• For the first part, 0 will show the least
  sensitivity while 100 is the most sensitive.
• For the second part 0 will show the best
  management of impacts while 100 is the worst
  management.
• The result will be used together as a
  determination scale for decision making.

Part 5. Model
32
Part 1 of the Model State of Environment

• 5 main categories
• LAND USE
• REGIONAL BOUNDARIES
• ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA
• BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
• GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Part 5. Model
33
Part 1 of the Model State of Environment
Part 5. Model
34
Part 1 of the Model State of Environment

• Functions and equations
• EC ? (LU, RB, EM, GE, BE) Equation 1
• LU ? (PAS, RsD, FA, AgA, TM, IS) Equation 2
• RB ? (SA, WSPA, NPA, WLPA, WAPA, SEPA, SPA,
  NP, NaP, WL, CH, TR,
  MZ) Equation 3
• EM ? (WS, AQ, CC, SC) Equation 4
• GE ? (SGS, NH, UF, MS) Equation 5
• BE ? (FF) Equation 6

Part 5. Model
35
Equations

• EC LU RB EM GE BE Equation 7
• LU PAS RsD FA AgA TM IS Equation 8
• RB SA WSPA NPA WLPA WAPA SEPA
  SPA NP NaP WL CH
  TR MZ Equation 9
• EM WS AQ CC SC Equation 10
• GE SGS NH UF MS Equation 11
• BE FF
  Equation 12
• RsD (DsRsA) (PdnRsA) (RMRsA) Equation 13
• FA AFC DsFA FC Equation 14
• AgA SC NagAgU Equation 15
• TM RW WW MW Equation 16
• IS EP WS WWS Equation 17
• GW GWQ GWL SP Equation 18
• GC SGS NH UF MS Equation 19

Part 5. Model Part I
36
Part 1 of the Model State of Environment

• Results of first part will used the result of the
  second part but
• It will show the sensitivity of the selected
  area.
• It will say if the area is available for any kind
  or not by means o threshold value.

Part 5. Model
37
Part 2 of the Model environmental impact and
management

• WASTEWATER (WW)
• AIR QUALITY (APM)
• SOLID WASTE (SWM)
• HAZARDOUS WASTE (HWM)
• MEDICAL WASTE MWM)
• RADIOACTIVE WASTE
• NOISE POLLUTION (NPM)
• MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (MS)

Part 5. Model
38
Formulas and equations

• EIM ? (WWM, APM, SWM, HWM, MWM, RWM, NPM, MS)

Part 5. Model. Part II
39
PART 6. MODEL SOFTWARE

• A computer program has been developed for the
  model.
• Programming language of the model is Visual Basic
  Software.
• Two part of the model will work independently.
• Results will be presented in values for both
  side of the model.
• There will be a summary chart warning step for
  important data that user input the model.

Part 6. Model Software