Race%20

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Race Ethnicity
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Structural Inequalities

• What percentage of population?
• Approx 10
• Educational disadvantage African Caribbean,
  Bangladeshi, Pakistani
• Unemployment rates 2 or 3 times that of white
  group even when well qualified
• More likely to live in social housing, and in
  poor over-crowded conditions.

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Race Ethnicity

• Race 'socially defined but on the basis of
  physical criteria.
• Ethnicity 'socially defined but on the basis of
  cultural criteria' Van den Berghe, 1967 9 in
  Goldberg, 1992, 553
• For social boundaries to be actively maintained,
  they need to be continually validated, and this
  requires regular interaction with members of out
  groups (Frederick Barth, 1969, Ethnic Groups and
  Social Boundaries)

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Race shifting signifier

• Race said to be a social invention
• does not have a fixed referent
• At different times has been associated with
  species divide, religious belief, class, nation,
  citizenship, culture, ethnicity
• Consider notions of breeding and eugenicist
  views

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Instrumental or Primordial?

• Ethnicity as a resource to be used in times of
  competition.
• Ethnicity and race as deep-seated and relatively
  fixed

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Marxism Race

• Marx recognised that racism the divide and rule
  of colonialism prevented a united working class
  opposing the bourgeoisie
• Race is not a primary category of analysis
• But serves as a convenient tool of capitalism
  which will wither away when economic reality is
  recognised,
• or a mask which serves to obscure true relations
  of power in a society, which are, in fact,
  class-based.

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Neo-Weberian

• Rational Choice theory
• race relations approach - the work of John Rex
  and Michael Banton
• Complex matrix of factors class, status,
  economic and cultural factors, patterns of
  consumption, stereotypes, forms of representation
  etc

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Neo-Marxists

• 1. Relative Autonomy Model (Hall, 1980)
• class and race should be examined together.
• 2. Autonomy Model (Gabriel and Ben-Tovim, 1979)
• racism cannot be reduced to class conflict
• 3. Migrant Labour Model (Miles Phizacklea
• Race is an idea which should be explicitly and
  consistently confined to the dustbin of
  analytically useless terms.(Miles, 198442 in
  Solomos p8).

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Pierre Bourdieu

• concept of 'habitus', grounded in material
  conditions and experience
• struggle for symbolic dominance
• the habitus is a reflexive, generative structure
• a useful tool to look at cases of inter-ethnic
  differences, alienation, and conflict
• which are in a state of constant adjustment and
  negotiation.

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Black Feminism

• Historically profound connection between gender,
  sexuality and race
• Sojourner Truth ...aint I a woman? highlights
  the double burden sexism and racism
• Feminism recognised processes which are equally
  applicable to racialised groups
• Erasure, Denial, Invisibility, Tokenism
• critique of White feminism

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Postmodernism Race

• End of grand narratives of history
• Advent of Identity politics
• Depoliticised, factionalised
• Focus on representation rather than ideology
• Relativism and differences rather than
  universalism and equal rights

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Genocide and Postmodernism
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Race Media
blaxploitation genre
Rising Middle class non-threatening
Clown figures
slave figure
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Race Television
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Four Key Themes in Racial Representation

• exotic
• dangerous
• humorous
• pitied
• (Alvarado et al. 1987 153)

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The Circuit of Culture

• Production
• Consumption
• Identity
• Regulation
• Representation

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The reality is often life in harsh and squalid
urban camps as below in Darwin
Dominant white discourses Romantic,
Anthropological, Literary and Racist An imagined
indigenous idyll
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Moral Panics

• described as a condition, episode, person or
  group of persons which emerge to become defined
  as a threat to societal values and interests
  (Cohen, 1972, p.9).
• 1970s the image of the black mugger
• 1980s image of rioter
• 1990s gangsta, gun crimes etc
• 2000s Media focus shifts to Muslims

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Politics and Race
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Multiculturalism

• What does it mean?
• Ideal state integration around a dominant
  culture or complex negotiation between many
  cultures?
• Trevor Philips of CRE recent reversal over
  multiculturalism
• Sleepwalking towards segregation.
• Relativism V Universalism arguments
• Identity Politics V struggle against inequality

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Steel Bands

Samosas
Saris


MULTICULTURALISM
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Identity politics

• Criticised by left-leaning analysts as
  capitulation to cultural criticism
• in place of analysis of the material roots of
  oppression
• factionalizing and depoliticizing
• dominance of symbolic over material

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Too Diverse? Multicultural Debate

• Kenan Malik responds
• the real problem is not a surfeit of strangers
  in our midst but the abandonment over the past
  two decades of ideologically based politics for a
  politics of identity...
• The result has been the fragmentation of society
  as different groups assert their particular
  identities - and the creation of a well of
  resentment within white working class communities
  who feel left out.

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Bibliography

• Bronowski, J (1973) The Ascent of Man, BBC books
• Goldberg D. T. and Solomos J.(eds) 2002, A
  Companion to racial and ethnic studies, Oxford,
  Blackwell
• Goldberg D.T. (1993) Racist Culture, Blackwell
• Goldberg D.T. (Ed) 1994, Multiculturalism, a
  Critical Reader, Blackwell.
• Goodhart, David Too diverse February 2004
  Available online at http//www.geocities.com/jjri
  nst/DavidGoodhart-Immigration-Prospect.htm
• Hall, S (2000) The Multicultural Question,
  Political Economy Research Centre, Lecture,
  transcript available on - http//www.shef.ac.uk/un
  i/academic/N-Q/perc/lectures/Hall.html)
• Hall, S. et al. (1978), Policing the Crisis
  Mugging, the State and Law and Order, Macmillan,
  London.
• Jenkins R (1997) Rethinking Ethnicity arguments
  and explorations, Sage
• Loomba A (1998) Colonialism/Postcolonialism,
  Routledge
• Malik, K (1996) The Meaning of Race, Macmillan
• Malik, K (2002) Race, pluralism and the meaning
  of difference, ( paper in New Formations, no33
  (Spring 1998) Available online at
  http//www.kenanmalik.com/papers/new_formations.ht
  ml
• Malik, K (2002) Against Multiculturalism first
  appeared in the New Humanist (Summer 2002).
  http//www.kenanmalik.com/essays/against_mc.html
• Malik, K (2004) Too Diverse A Response to David
  Goodhart
•  Muecke, S. (1982) Available Discourses in
  Botsman, P. d (1982) Theoretical Strategies,
  Sydney, Local Consumption Press.
• PARIAH website (People Against Racism In
  Australian Homelands) managed by Mick Lambe
  (Better a Pariah than a Liar) http//www.country-l
  iberal-party.com/pages/incarc_p5.htm
• Spencer, S (2006) Race and Ethnicity Culture,
  Identity and Representation, Routledge

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