Personality

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Personality

• Theories Tests

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4 Major Perspectives

• Psychoanalytic perspective
• Humanistic perspective
• Social cognitive perspective
• Trait perspective
• We will mostly focus on 1 4

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Sigmund Freud 1856-1939

• Physical problems, with no apparent cause
• Unconscious motives, conflicts
• Methods free association
• dream analysis

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3 Levels of Consciousness

• Conscious mind
• Preconscious mind
• Unconscious mind

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3 Parts of the Freudian Mind

• Id
• Ego
• Superego

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ID

• Most primitive part of mind
• Strives to satisfy biological urges
• sexual and aggressive
• Operates on Pleasure Principle
• seeks pleasure/avoids pain
• Completely unconscious
• no direct contact with reality

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Ego

• Reality principle
• tries to satisfy urges of id
• Executive of the personality
• makes rational decisions
• Partly conscious

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Superego

• Internalized rules of parents society
• Two parts conscience and
• ego ideal
• Constrains behavior based on morality
• Partly conscious, partly unconscious

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Defense Mechanisms

• Id, ego, and superego are continually in conflict
• Conflict generates anxiety
• Ego controls anxiety by defense mechanisms

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9 Defense Mechanisms

• REPRESSION underlies all defense mechanisms
• Banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and
  memories from consciousness

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Regression

• Retreating to a more infantile stage
• Retreat to comfort of early behaviors

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Reaction Formation

• Ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses
  into their opposites
• you have to love mom

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Projection

• Ego disguises threatening impulses by attributing
  them to others
• If you know you are a liar, suspect everyone is
  lying.

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Rationalization

• Self-justifying explanation in place of real,
  more threatening reasons for actions

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Displacement

• Direct unacceptable impulses onto a more
  acceptable or less threatening object

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Sublimation

• Substituting unacceptable impulses with socially
  acceptable behavior

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Practice DF

• Work together
• Decide on DF
• Answers to follow

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Df Mechanisms Answers

• Ballplayer e. displacement
• Soldiders a. repression
• Mother c. reaction formation
• Mrs. B g. projection
• Paul f. sublimation
• Drinker d. rationalization
• Mike b. regression
• Dependent g. projection
• James d. rationalization

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Psychosexual States

• Each stage involves an erogenous zone
• Critical conflict in each stage
• Resolution determines personality
• Fixation
• bad news id energy gets stuck, fixated in
  one stage

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Oral Stage 0-18 months

• Erogenous zone the mouth
• Conflict weaning
• Oral fixation-2 bad outcomes

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Oral fixation

• Oral receptive personality preoccupied w/ oral
  activity eating, drinking, smoking
• Passive, needy people
• Oral aggressive personality
• hostile and verbally abusive folk

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Anal stage 1.5-3 years

• Erogenous zone anus
• Conflict toilet training
• Anal fixation-2 bad outcomes
• Anal retentive personality
• -stingy, compulsive, orderly, perfectionist
• Anal expulsive personality
• -lack of self control, messy, careless

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Phallic Stage 3-6 years

• Erogenous zone genitals
• Conflict oedipus complex
• Boys are sexually attracted to mom, wants to
  replace dad
• Fears punishment from dad
• Represses desire identifies w/ Dad

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Latency Stage 7 to 11

• Sexual impulses become repressed
• Child focuses on other things

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Genital -adolescence

• Genitals become primary focus of pleasureable
  sensations
• Person seeks sexual relationships

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Psychodynamic Theory

• Neo-Freudians Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen
  Horney (horn eye)
• Less emphasis on sex
• Still emphasize
• unconscious motives/conflicts
• importance of childhood experiences
• defense mechanisms

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Carl Jung

• Disciple of Freud, but they broke up
• Jung believed that personality dev through
  lifespan
• Described 2 archetypes animus and anima
• Thus, every man has a feminine side as well
• Proposed balance

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Karen Horney

• 3 patterns of behavior
• Moving toward other people
• high need for approval
• Moving away from people
• excessive need for independence
• Moving against other people
• need for power superiority

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Evaluating Freud

• No scientific evidence for the stages nor for the
  id, ego, superego
• Repression doesnt really occur
• No evidence for identification theory

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Humanistic Perspective

• Emphasizes human growth and potential
• Focused on healthy personalities
• Proposed primarily by Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow

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Hierarchy of needs

• 1. physiological needs
• 2. safety needs
• 3. belongingness love needs
• 4. esteem needs
• 5. self-actualization

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Trait Theories

• Traits
• Enduring, consistent ways that someone acts,
  thinks, feels
• Some theorists traits are basic units of
  personality
• Key questions how many traits?
• What are they?

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The Big Five Traits

• Neuroticism
• Extroversion
• Openness
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness

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Conscientiousness

• High scorer
• careful, reliable, hardworking, well organized
• Low scorer
• negligent, careless, undependable, lazy,
  disorganized
• Ex I sometimes get drunk for the sake of getting
  drunk.

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Neuroticism

• High scorer
• worrying, nervous, high strung, insecure
• Low scorer
• calm, relaxed, secure
• Ex. I am easily frightened

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Extraversion

• High scorer
• sociable, fun loving, affectionate, talkative,
  joiner
• Low scorer
• reserved, quiet, sober, loner
• Ex. I am a warm and friendly person.

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Openness

• High scorer
• original, imaginative, creative, broad
  interests, daring
• Low scorer
• Conventional, down to earth, uncreative, narrow
  interests, unadventurous
• Ex. I have date a person of a different race or
  nationality

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Agreeableness

• High scorer
• Good natured, selfless, sympathetic, forgiving
• Low scorer
• Irritable, selfish, callous, vengeful
• Ex. I have dated someone whose name I have
  forgotten.

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Big Five

• Stable across lifespan
• Correlate with other measures of personality
• clinical interviews
• observations of behavior
• interviews with friends

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N vs N is personality genetic?

• As usual, probably partly yes
• Twin studies indicate higher correlations in MZ
  twins
• For extraversion, .50 for MZ twins reared
  together, .38 for twins reared apart
• DZ twins reared together .18, apart .05.

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Self-Report Inventories

• MMPI-2 over 500 items
• Have scale for faking good
• Individual answers are not important
• Scales determine who has a problem
• Also, most of these include Im not really
  reading this items.