Compare

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Compare ContrastWatsons Caring Theory
Hendersons Philosophy in Practice

• Kirstin Vorhes
• Beth Smith
• Rachel Criddle

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Introduction
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Give us a brief overview of your educational
background.
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Virginia Henderson Education

• Diploma in Nursing from the Army School of
  Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital in 1921.
• Bachelors Degree from Teachers College at
  Columbia University in 1932, Masters Degree in
  1934.

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Jean Watson Education

• 1961 Diploma in Nursing from Lewis-Gale School
  of Nursing, Roanoke, VA
• 1964 BSN from the University of Colorado (CU),
  Boulder
• 1966 MS in Psychiatric Mental-Health Nursing
  (minor in Psychology) from the CU Medical Center,
  Denver
• 1970 Graduate study in Social Clinical
  psychology from the CU, Boulder
• 1973 PhD in Educational Psychology Counseling
  from the CU, Boulder

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Briefly, whats your theory and your perception
of nursings purpose?
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Henderson Theory Purpose

• Defined nursing as "assisting individuals to gain
  independence in relation to the performance of
  activities contributing to health or its
  recovery." 
• Nurses act as a substitute for the patient, a
  helper to the patient, and a partner with the
  patient.
• So, in practice, nurses should give care from the
  perspective of 14 basic needs.

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Watson Theory Purpose

• Goals of Nursing

• Caring Theory Framework for Practice

• Promote health
• Restore client to health
• Prevent illness

• Nursing is based on human values and interest in
  welfare of others
• Caring is an interpersonal process comprising
  interventions to meet human needs
• Health and illness are related to harmony (or
  lack thereof) between body, mind, soul

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How about a little more detail?
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Watsons 10 Carative Factors

• The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system
  of values.
• The instillation of faith-hope.
• The cultivation of sensitivity to ones self and
  others.
• The development of a helping-trust relationship.
• The promotion and acceptance of the expression of
  positive and negative feelings.
• The systematic use of the scientific
  problem-solving method for decision making.
• The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning.
• The provision for a supportive, protective,
  and/or corrective mental, physical,
  sociocultural, and spiritual environment.
• Assistance with the gratification of human needs.
• The allowance for existential-phenomenological
  forces.

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Hendersons 14 Components

• Breathe normally.
• Eat and drink adequately.
• Eliminate body wastes.
• Move and maintain desirable postures.
• Sleep and rest.
• Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
• Maintain body temperature within normal range by
  adjusting clothing and modifying environment
• Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect
  the integument
• Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid
  injuring others.
• Communicate with others in expressing emotions,
  needs, fears, or opinions.
• Worship according to ones faith.
• Work in such a way that there is a sense of
  accomplishment.
• Play or participate in various forms of
  recreation.
• Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that
  leads to normal development and health and use
  the available health facilities.

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How does your theory relate to Maslows
Hierarchy of Needs?
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Henderson Maslows Hierarchy

• 10-14 fall under higher categories

• The first 9 needs of the patient fall under basic
  needs

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Watson Maslows Hierarchy

• Majority of carative factors fall in these
  categories

• Carative factor 9 addresses basic needs

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How have your theories changed over time?
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Watson Carative to Caritas
Functional tasks

• Carative factors dealt with the core versus the
  trim of nursing
• "Caritas" comes from the Latin word meaning to
  cherish, to appreciate, to give special
  attention, if not loving, attention to

Care
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Watson Clinical Caritas Processes

• Practice of loving-kindness equanimity within
  context of caring consciousness
• Being authentically present, enabling
  sustaining the deep belief system subjective
  life world of self the one-being-cared-for
• Cultivation of one's own spiritual practices
  transpersonal self, going beyond ego self
• Developing sustaining a helping-trusting,
  authentic caring relationship
• Being present to, supportive of the expression
  of positive negative feelings as a connection
  with deeper spirit of self the
  one-being-cared-for
• Creative use of self all ways of knowing as
  part of the caring process to engage in artistry
  of caring-healing practices
• Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience
  that attends to unity of being meaning
  attempting to stay within other's frame of
  reference
• Creating healing environment at all levels,
  (physical as well as non-physical, subtle
  environment of energy consciousness, whereby
  wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, peace are
  potentiated
• Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional
  caring consciousness, administering human care
  essentials', which potentiate alignment of
  mindbodyspirit, wholeness, unity of being in
  all aspects of care
• Opening attending to spiritual-mysterious
  existential dimensions of one's own life-death
  soul care for self the one-being-care-for

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Henderson Changes?

• Updated book The Nature of Nursing Reflections
  after 20 years in 1991.
• Died March 19, 1996
• Often called the
• American Florence
• Nightingale

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How can we apply this theory today in nursing
practice?
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Watson Application

• Transpersonal Caring Human-to-Human Approach

• Share your genuine selves with patients
• Recognize the spiritual strength of the patient
• Create an environment that supports human caring
• Provide for patients primary human requirements

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Henderson Application

• Nurses should recognize that their role changes
  day-to-day, week-to-week, and month-to-month as
  the needs of patients change and with the
  contributions from others on health care team.
• As nurses we are here to help patients do what
  they would for themselves if they had the
  strength AND to help them become free from our
  help as soon as possible, to function again on
  their own.

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How can we remember your theory?
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Watson How to remember

• Theory of Caring

• Watson and Caring are both 6-letter words
• C is for Caring, Caritas, and Colorado
• ABCsAirway, Breathing, and CARING!
• WWMDWWWD

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Henderson How to remember

• 14 Basic Needs !

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Questions?
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References

• www.currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Henderson
• http//www2.uchsc.edu/son/caring/content/jwbio.asp
  
• Chitty, K., Black, B. (2007) Professional
  Nursing. Concepts Challenges (5th ed.). St.
  Louis. Saunders.