Diapositive 1

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I. The notion of Facial Action Coding Units

• A facial action, as defined by Ekman et al. 2002,
  can be described as the action of one or several
  muscles situated in a part of the face.
• There is an action when there is a visible
  movement.
• Each action has
• - A number ( 4 for frowning, 12 for smiling,
  etc.).
• - An intensity ( A for very weak, D for extreme
  intensity). 4D is extreme frowning.
• - Symmetry (S for symmetry, R for only right side
  and L for only left side). R4D means extreme
  frowning with the right eyebrow.
• What I call a chronic position is not coded in
  the FACS system. For example a person may have
  eye brows which are permanently pulled down and
  close to each other, as in frowning.

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Muscles of the face(From Facial Action Coding
System. Investigator's Guide by Paul Ekman,
Wallace V. Friesen Joseph C. Hager. Download
from http//face-and-emotion.com/dataface/facs/gu
ide/FACSIV1.html)
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Units distinguished by the FACS system
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Emotional expressions distinguished by FACS I.
(Following information from Cohn et al. 2005)

• EMOTION PROTOTYPES MAJOR VARIANTS
• Surprise
• 125B26 / 125B27 / 125B / 1226 / 1227
  / 5B26 / 5B27
• Fear
• 1 2452025, 26, or 27 / 124525, 26, or
  27 / 1245L or R2025, 26, or 27 / 1245
  /
• 125Z, with or without 25, 26, 27 (no 4, but
  extreme 5)
• 520 with or without 25, 26, 27
• Happy
• 612, 12C/D
• Disgust
• 9, 91615, 26 / 917
• Contempt
• 10 / 101625, 26, 1017
• Anger
• 45710222325,26 / 457l02325,26 /
  4572325, 26, 4571723 / 4571724 /
  45723 / 45724
• Any of the prototypes without any one of the
  following AUs 4, 5, 7, or 10.
• Note how AU05 is important for anger, fear
  surprise.

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Sadness

• Introductory remarks
• - Although weeping and tears are a common
  concomitant of sad expressions, tears are not
  indicative of any particular emotion, as in tears
  of joy (Darwin 1872, Chapter VI). Infants do not
  shed tears during the first two or three months,
  when they are sad. This correlates with Rochats
  (2001) observation that during the first 6 weeks
  children do not seem to communicate with others,
  although their behavior may be experienced as
  expressive.
• - Intensity of sad expressions does not always
  correlate with intensity of sadness (Kostic
  2003).
•  

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Darwin (1872, Chapter VI) notes that there are
two types of grief an expressive phase, and a
deeper one which generates a lack of expression

• A) Expressive phase (the one studied by Ekman)
• - Children have prolonged expirations with short
  and rapid, almost spasmodic inspirations (the
  breath is inhaled almost spasmodically), followed
  at somewhat more advances age by sobbing. The
  manipulation of this dimension can make one cry.
• - Screams with closed eyes and wrinkles around
  them, with compression of the eye balls.
• - Opened mouth with retracted lips so that the
  mouth opening is square.
• - AU01 is often present.
• - AU17 AU 11 (raised chin with deepening of the
  naso-labial fold)
• A) Despair or deep sorrow (for Ekman this is more
  depression than sadness) silent motionless grief
• - Sitting motionless, with a gentle rock to and
  fro.
• - Skin pales.
• - Respiration is almost forgotten, but deep sighs
  are drawn.
• - Prostration collapsed muscles and dulled eyes.
•   

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Suzanna Block and the globality of expression

• The Darwinian stance on expression is that it
  mobilizes all the dimensions of the organism, a
  fact which is particularly visible on an infant
  who expresses himself using the body from head to
  feet as one expressive system.
• An example of research from this perspective is
  that of Susanna Bloch (1989). She tried to study
  which bodily activation could help actors to
  activate an emotion in their organism. For
  example postures with tense muscles activated
  fear and anger, while sadness, tenderness and joy
  could mostly be situated by relaxed postures.
• In the case of sadness, effective postures were
  usually closed postures, with protection of the
  ventral surface and a curved spine, as well as
  limp or even hypotonic muscle tone in certain
  areas.
• Her work mostly focused on what breathing pattern
  induced a basic emotion. The crucial elicitor for
  sadness is Darwins spasmodic inspiration.
• Most efficient was the combination of facial,
  respiratory and postural emotional traits.

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Expressions of sadness distinguished by FACS
II (Following information from Cohn et al.
2005)

• General configuration. AU 146111517, at
  various intensities
• 141115B with or without 5464
• 1415 with or without 5464
• 615 with or without 5464
• 1411 with or without 5464
• 1415B with or without 5464
• 1415B17 with or without 5464
• 1115B with or without 5464, 1117
• 25 or 26 may occur with all prototypes or major
  variants
• Table note means in this combination the AU
  may be at any level of intensity.
• 54 is head oriented downwards, and 64 eyes
  oriented downwards.

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Inner Brow Raiser (AU1)
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Inner brow raiser brow lowerer (AU 1
4)(these and the follwing pictures are copied
form the FACS Manual (Ekman, Friesen Hager 2002)
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Nasolabial Furrow Deepener (AU 11)
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Lip corner depressor (AU 15)
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Chin Raiser (AU 15)
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Lip corner depressor Chin Raiser (AU 15 17)
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Cheek raisor lip corner depressor chin Raiser
(AU 06 15 17)
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Suicide study (Heller et al. 2001)

• - 23 patients were filmed less than 48 hours
  after a suicide attempt. 11 made a suicide
  attempt during a follow up period of 900 days, 12
  made no further suicide attempt in this period,
  to our knowledge.
• This is list of the expressions observed during
  short filmed samples. The time is in 1/100 of a
  second unit (maximum is 4340, which is 43.40
  seconds).
• - In such circumstances sadness is expected.
  Except for a few examples, expressed sadness is
  observed, but in this sample as well as in others
  we viewed, not prevalent. As sadness was in the
  air most of the time, blended with other
  emotional expressions (contempt, anger, fear,
  etc.), one would need to redefine Darwins
  second type of despair, which has few facial
  components.
• - Sadness does not alone one to distinguish
  patients who made other suicide attempts from
  those that did not. The signs that correlated
  with suicide attempt risk were not emotional
  expressions, as defined by Ekman (2007).

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Sadness expressions Observed in our suicide
study samples (Heller et all. 2001)

• A) Clear sadness A) Possible sadness
• S01B R11B
• S01C S01BS04BS10BS26B
• S01D S11B
• S01BS04B S11BS20B
• S01BS04D S11BS20C
• S01BS04CS06C S11BS26B
• S01BS06B S11C
• S01BS14B S11D
• S01DS04B S15B
• S01DS04DS11B S15BS24B
• S15BS26B

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References

• - Bloch, Suzanna (1989). Emotions ressenties,
  émotions recréée. Science et Vie, 168 68-75.
• - Bloch, Susana. (2003). The Development of Alba
  Emoting. Idaho Idaho University Press.
• - Cohn, Jeffrey F. Ambadar, Zara and Ekman, Paul
  (2005) Observer-Based Measurement of Facial
  Expression with the Facial Action Coding System.
  In J. A. Coan J. B. Allen (Eds.), The handbook
  of emotion elicitation and assessment. Oxford
  University Press Series in Affective Science. New
  York Oxford.
• - Darwin, Charles (1872). The expression of the
  emotions in man and animals. Oxford Oxford
  university press, 1998. (Ekman is the editor of
  this edition, and adds comments relating Darwins
  observations to FACS.)
• - Ekman, Paul (2007). Emotions Revealed
  Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve
  Communication and Emotional Life. Henry Holt
  Company, Incorporated.
• - Ekman, Paul Friesen, Wallace V. Simons,
  Ronald C. (1997) Is the Startle Reaction an
  Emotion? In Ekman, Paul Rosenberg, Erika L.
  (eds.) What the face reveals. Oxford, England
  Oxford University Press, pp. 21-35.
• - Heller, M. Haynal-Reymond, V. Haynal, A.
  Archinard, M. (2001). Can Faces Reveal Suicide
  Attempt Risks? In M. Heller (ed.), The flesh of
  the soul. The body we work with 231-256. Bern
  Peter Lang.
• - Kostic, Aleksandra (2003) The accuracy of
  intensity ratings of emotions from facial
  expressions. Psychologija, 2003, Vol. 36 2
  157-166. www.scindeks.nbs.bg.ac.yu/pdfovi/0048-57
  050302157K.pdf.
• - Rochat, P. (2001). The infant's world.
  Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University
  Press.
• - Scherer, K.R. Ellgring, H. (2007). Multimodal
  expression of emotions affect programs or
  componential appraisal patterns? Emotion, 7, 1
  158-171. www.affectnet.unige.ch/system/files/2007_
  Scherer_Emotion_Multimodal.pdf