Peace and Security through DISARMAMENT

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Peace and Security through DISARMAMENT

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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Charter of the United Nations
We the Peoples of the United Nations United
for a Better World
Article 11 The General Assembly may consider the
general principles of cooperation in the
maintenance of international peace and security,
including the principles governing disarmament
and the regulation of armaments

• Article 26
• In order to promote the establishment and
  maintenance of international
• peace and security with the least diversion for
  armaments of the world's human and economic
  resources, the Security Council shall be
  responsible
• for formulating plans to be submitted to the
  Members of the United
• Nations for the establishment of a system for the
  regulation of armaments.

United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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FACTS

• World military expenditure peaked at over 1
  trillion in 1989.
• After a period of decline, it is slowly rising
  today and now stands at
• 780 billion.

• Industrialized countries account for about 80 per
  cent of global
• military expenditures. The United States account
  for almost half of
• the worlds total arms production France and UK
  for 10 per cent
• each and Germany, Russia and Japan for roughly
  4 per cent
• each.

• In 1945, only one nation possessed a nuclear
  bomb. Today, there
• are five recognized nuclear-weapon States in
  terms of the Treaty
• for the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons, and
  three
• nuclear-weapon capable States.

• More than 30,000 nuclear warheads are still
  stockpiled, many on
• high alert, ready to be launched on warning.

United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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MORE FACTS

• Today, 80 per cent of the worlds spending on
  armaments is on
• conventional weapons and weapons system.

• Arms transfers to developing countries are
  estimated at some
• 30 billion a year.

• One-third of the nations of the earth are
  affected by mines and
• unexploded ordnance (UXO). The countries most
  affected are
• those least able to reverse the devastating
  impact of mines.

• About 500 million small arms are in circulation
  world-wide.

United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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DISARMAMENT ISSUES

• Weapons of Mass Destruction

• Conventional Weapons

• Outer Space

• Disarmament and Development

• Regional Disarmament

• Emerging Issues

United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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Conventional Weapons
Nuclear Weapons
Outer Space
Chemical Weapons
Disarmament and Development
Biological Weapons
Regional Disarmament
Emerging Issues

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Bilateral agreements

• The 1972 SALT I Agreement

• The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty)

• The 1979 SALT II Treaty

• The 1987 Intermediate-and Shorter - Range
• Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty)

United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Bilateral agreements

• The 1991 Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction
  Treaty
• (START I)

• The 1992 Lisbon Protocol to START I

• The 1993 Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction
  Treaty II
• (START II)

• 2000-with the ratification of START II by the
  Russian
• Federation, the US Senate needs to approve a 1997
  protocol
• to the Treaty in order for the Treaty to enter
  into force. This will
• then open the way for formal START III
  negotiations to begin.

• Unilateral reductions

United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Multilateral agreements

• The 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in
  the
• Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water
  (Partial Test-Ban
• Treaty)

• The 1968 Treaty on the Non - Proliferation of
  Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
• - Nuclear Safeguards of the International Atomic
  Energy
• Agency (IAEA)
• - The 1997 Model Additional Protocol

• The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
  (CTBT)
• The Preparatory Commission for the CTBT
  Organization (CTBTO
• PrepCom, based in Vienna)

• Future agreements
• - Fissile Material Treaty

United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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KEEPING THE WORLD - AND OUTER SPACE - FREE OF
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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CHEMICAL WEAPONS Chemical Weapons Convention
(CWC) - Entered into force 1997 The
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW), The Hague, Netherlands
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS Biological Weapons Convention
(BWC) - Entered into force 1975.
Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of
Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of
Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva
Protocol) - Signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925.
Prohibits the use of biological or chemical
weapons in war.
United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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Weapons of Mass Destruction
Small Arms Light Weapons
Outer Space
Anti-personnel Landmines
Disarmament Development
Major Conventional Weapons
Regional Disarmament
Emerging Issues

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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SMALL ARMS LIGHT WEAPONS
In terms of the carnage they cause, small arms,
indeed could well be described as weapons of
mass destruction. Secretary-Generals
Millennium Report, 2000

• United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in
  Small Arms
• and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects will take
  place
• from 9 to 20 July 2001 at UN Headquarters in NY.

• Coordinating Action on Small Arms (CASA)

• Practical Disarmament Measures -
• Trust Fund for the Consolidation of Peace through
  Practical
• Disarmament Measures

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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ANTI-PERSONNEL LANDMINES
Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Certain
Conventional Weapons - entered into force in 1998
Mine-Ban Convention - entered into force in 1999
United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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TRANSPARENCY MEASURES FOR CONVENTIONAL ARMS
United Nations Register of Conventional Arms -
established in 1992
United Nations system for the standardized
reporting of military expenditures - introduced
in 1980
United Nations Department for Disarmament
Affairs, 2000
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Weapons of Mass Destruction
Multilateral treaties
Conventional Weapons

• 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the
  Activities
• of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer
• Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial
• Bodies (Outer Space Treaty)

Disarmament Development

• 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the
• Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water
• (Partial Test - Ban Treaty)

Regional Disarmament

• 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States
  
• on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies

Emerging Issues

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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Weapons of Mass Destruction

• The International Conference on the
• Relationship between Disarmament
• and Development, convened in 1987
• - The Programme of Action

Conventional Weapons
Outer Space

• High-level Steering Group on
• Disarmament and Development
• set up in May 1999

Regional Disarmament
Emerging Issues

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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Weapons of Mass Destruction

• Regional agreements in the areas
• of nuclear and conventional
• disarmament and non-proliferation

Conventional Weapons

• United Nations regional centres
• for peace and disarmament

Outer Space
Disarmament Development

• Cooperation with regional
• inter-governmental organizations

Emerging Issues

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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Weapons of Mass Destruction

• Missile proliferation and missile
• defences

Conventional Weapons
Outer Space

• Information security

• Revolution in military affairs

Disarmament Development
Regional Disarmament

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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DISARMAMENT MACHINERY
General Assembly (deliberative)
Security Council
Special sessions on disarmament 1978, 1982 and
1988
Conference on Disarmament (negotiating forum)
Disarmament Commission
First Committee

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA)
Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament
Affairs Director and Deputy to USG
Centres for Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Caribbean

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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DISARMAMENT INFORMATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES

• United Nations Disarmament Information
• Programme (Voluntary Trust Fund)

• United Nations Disarmament Fellowship Programme

• Disarmament Week - 24 October

• Messenger of Peace (US actor and producer Michael
  Douglas)

• Liaison with civil society, NGOs and academic
  institutions

• Cooperation with DPI

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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DISARMAMENT INFORMATION RESOURCES

• DDA Internet website (www.un.org/Depts/dda/index.h
  tml)

• DDA Publications
• United Nations Disarmament Yearbook
• Quarterly DDA Update
• Occasional papers
• Publications of the Regional Centres (e.g.
  Bulletin Africain pour la Paix)

• DDA Library

• DDA Audio-visual materials (documentary on small
  arms PowerPoint
• presentation)

• Tour-guide exhibit at Headquarters

• Briefing for visiting groups (call 212 963 4440)

• UNIDIR publications and activities

• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000

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• United Nations Department for Disarmament
  Affairs, 2000