Hot

1
Hot Cold Wars (Foreign Domestic)
2
Transfer of Power, 1952
Dwight Eisenhower Ike
Harry Truman
3
Coexistence

• U.S. / Soviet Union
• Each has bomb
• Stalin dead, 1953
• Extension of cultural exchanges to build peaceful
  relations
• BUT
• Soviets test ICBM

Nikita Kruschev
4
October 4, 1957
5
Sputnik I

• The world's first artificial satellite
• Size of Basketball
• Weight 183 pounds
• Time 98 minutes to orbit the Earth
• Ushered in
• new political / military / technological /
  scientific developments.
• Start of Space Age
• U.S.-Soviet Space Race.

National Aeronautics Space Administration,
(1958)
6
Subversive Films
7
Image

• Conformity ruled the day
• White, middle Class suburbanites
• All women stay-at-home Mom
• June Cleaver
• Children Junior Members of Society

8
Women

• Myth Stay-at-Home Moms
• Reality
• Women at Work to supplement income
• Keeping Up with the Jones
• Wives Holding Paid Jobs
• 1940 15
• 1950 21
• 1960 30

9
Youth Rebellion

• Rock n Roll
• New Dating Customs
• Drive-In Theaters
• Teen Magazines
• Seventeen

• Social Order of Gangs
• Clothing / Hairstyles
• Car Culture

10
Youth Culture

• 1954-1955
• Rock n Roll
• Juvenile Delinquency
• Teenager

11

• Blackboard Jungle1955
• Dismissal of Authority
• Teenage Angst
• African-American teenage leader

12
Rebel Without a Cause, (1955)
13
The Beats

• Literary Group
• Writers / Poets
• 1st to Protest blandness of conformity
• Rejection of middle class affluence

On the Road, 1957
Howl, 1956
14
Southern Christian Leadership Council, 1957

• Built upon momentum of Montgomery movement
• Organization of 100 Black ministers
• Elected Martin Luther King, Jr. as president
• Dedicated to continued non-violent direct action

15
Civil Rights Act of 1957

• Negotiated Bill through Congress
• Produced moderate civil rights bill
• Critics watered down version
• First Civil Rights Act since the end of
  Reconstruction

Lyndon Baines Johnson
16
with all deliberate speed.
17
Little Rock, 1957

• Withdrew protection of Arkansas National Guard
• Test of Federal Power
• Drawing International Attention
• President Eisenhower
• Federalizes Arkansas National Guard
• Orders in the 101st Airborne Division
• Faubus cancels 1958-1959 school year

Gov. Orval Faubus
18
Elizabeth Eckford
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
Strategies of Resistance

• Local Grassroots Movements
• Directives not coming from larger national
  organizations but locally organized groups
• Non-Violent Direct Action Campaigns
• Boycotts
• Picketing
• Sit-ins

22
Greensboro, NC (1960)
23
(No Transcript)
24
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (1960)

• Inspired by energy of sit-ins / boycotts
• Organization wanted fresh leadership
• Independent from of adult control
• Replace NAACPs emphasis on litigation for
• Direct confrontation
• Mass Action
• Civil Disobedience
• Expressed distain for
• Middle-class conventional half-way efforts to
  deal with radical social evil

25
Freedom Rides (1961)

• Morgan v. Virginia (1946)
• Supreme Court ruled that segregation on
  interstate buses undue burden on interstate
  commerce
• Washington, D.C. to AL MS
• Anniston, AL
• Mob firebombed bus
• Beat passengers
• Police made no arrests / FBI took notes
• Justice Dept arranged flight to New Orleans
• SNCC organized additional Freedom Rides
• Met similar treatment in Montgomery

26
(No Transcript)
27
Direction of Civil Rights
28
A Cold War Peaceful Coexistence

• Soviets / U.S.A. - Each has bomb
• Stalin dead, 1953
• Extension of cultural exchanges to build peaceful
  relations
• BUT
• Soviets test ICBM
• Sputnik, 1957
• Fidel Castro, 1958

29
Cuban Revolution, 1958

• Against Batista dictatorial Presidency
• Anti-American nationalism
• End American business interests
• Rebel sentiment gains attention of CIA (The
  Agency)
• Trade Treaty with Soviet Union, 1960 )
• President Eisenhower plans secret attack ---
  but.

30
John F. Kennedys 1000 Days

• Narrowly beat Nixon in 1960 election
• Domestic Policies
• Poverty in America
• Civil Rights
• Race for the Moon
• Foreign Policies
• Fierce Cold Warrior
• Occupied most of agenda
• Nation Building among former colonial countries

31
Peace Corps, 1961

• Young Americans winning Hearts Minds
• Educational Projects
• Public Works Projects
• American Model

32
Bay of Pigs

• Eisenhower secret plan --- remove Castro
• Counter-Insurgency
• CIA trained Anti-Castro Cuban Exile
• To lead attack
• Met resistance from Castro loyalists (soldiers /
  citizens)
• Castro convinced of continued attacks

33
(No Transcript)
34
Cuban Missile Crisis

• Active Support from Soviet Union
• Repeated U.S. efforts to oust Castro failed
• Soviets deploy missile convoy to Cuba
• U.S. Naval blockade around Cuba
• 2 week standoff between Soviets / U.S.
• Brinksmanship
• Point of possible no return
• Immediacy of total annihilation

35
(No Transcript)
36
Vietnam

• Post WWII struggle for independence
• Vietminh Front
• Headed by Indochinese Communist Party
• Anti-Colonial Struggle to Cold War entanglement
• French expelled, 1954
• Battle at Diem Bin Phu
• Geneva Agreement
• North Communist (Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
  Vietminh
• South non-Communist (Republic of Vietnam)
• To Hold Democratic Elections

Ho Chi Minh
37
Vietnam U.S.

• President Diem (U.S. Backed)
• Educated in U.S.
• Catholic
• BAD choice
• Extremely corrupt
• Viet Cong (NLF)
• Rebel fighters in the South
• Against Diem Regime
• Armed by northern Vietminh
• Civil War (North South)
• FALL 1963 Diem Assassinated

38
November 22, 1963
39
(No Transcript)
40
Vietnam 1964

• Marine Special Forces
• 1954 700 U.S. military advisors
• ARVN
• South Vietnam Army
• Trained by advisors
• Gulf of Tonkin
• unprovoked attack on U.S.S. Maddox
• LBJ gains War Powers Act

41
Not Your Fathers War

• Massive Bombing Campaign in North
• 8 million tons of bombs (1965 1973)
• 3x amount of bombs dropped WWII
• Approx. 300 tons for every man / woman / child
• Search and Destroy Missions
• Village by village
• Establish whether friendly / unfriendly
• Unseen Enemy psychological toll
• Defoliants Used Agent Orange

42
(No Transcript)
43
Tet Offensive, 1968

• Vietnamese New Year --- cease fire
• Organized coordinated attacks all over South
  Vietnam
• Overran Saigon (Capital)
• Attacked U.S. Embassy
• PR Disaster for U.S.
• Prior to Tet ---- U.S. being told clear victory
  in sight
• Offensive turned public opinion against war

44
Student Protest

• Fueled by CRM
• Seen as threat to authority
• FBI investigations
• Free Speech Movement
• Mario Savio at UC Berkeley

45
Radicalization of CRM

• New views on how to get things done
• Popular belief CRM over after legislation
• Malcolm X
• Stands as symbol for defiance for Afro-Americans
• BLACK POWER
• Stokely Carmichael, 1966
• SNCC no longer interracial
• Need to empower!

46
Cont.

• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
• Undermines liberal consensus
• The Draft
• Suspended in 1948
• Gears back up in 1965 (Vietnam)
• Counterculture
• Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out

47
Anti-War Movement
48
(No Transcript)
49
Richard Nixon
50
NIXONS WAR

• LBJ turns down 1968 bid
• Nixons Secret Plan appeal
• Vietnamization
• Train South Vietnamese forces to take over
• Pull out U.S. Troops
• Does reduce troop levels
• Secret War in Cambodia

51
November 15, 1969
52
Kent State, 1970
53
(No Transcript)
54
(No Transcript)
55
China U.S. 1972

• China Supported liberation efforts in Vietnam
• Assured D.C. would not directly enter war
• Refusal to cooperate with Soviets
• U.S. Strategic Relationship
• Improved relations with China undercut Chinese
  support for North Vietnam

56
1973

• Henry Kissinger, Sec. of State
• Between North U.S.
• South Vietnam rejects
• Christmas Bombings
• 11 day campaign in North
• Worldwide condemnation
• U.S. no longer holding onto moral sensibilities

57
American Embassy in SaigonApril 30, 1975
58
American EmbassyApril 30, 1975