A New Nation 17811850

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A New Nation1781-1850

• Unit 2
• Chapter 5

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Preparing a New Government

• Since the 1770s, the colonies began working
  together to fight their common enemy
• Now they had to work together to plan a
  government that would meet the needs of colonies
  that differed economically, socially and
  politically.

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Preparing a New Government

• Representatives from the 13 new states faced an
  incredible challenge
• Unite into a country without giving up any state
  powers States Rights
• Devise a plan that meets the needs of very
  different needs

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Preparing a New Government

• The representatives agreed on one thing
• Most people were too ignorant to give too much
  power
• A republic, rather than a democracy, would fix
  that problem

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Preparing a New Government

• In a republic, citizens select representatives to
  rule for them.
• Much of their ideas come from Adam Smith.

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Adam Smith

• Smith, a Scotsman, wrote the Wealth of Nations
  and is known today as the father of modern
  economics.

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Congressional Congress

• How would representatives be chosen? How many?
• How would power be divided?
• Who gets the western lands?
• How will the western lands be sold and governed?

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Land Ordinances

• The Congress established the Land Ordinance of
  1785
• It established a plan to survey and record their
  findings

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Land Ordinances
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Land Ordinances

• The Northwest Land Ordinance, 1787, established
  for
• dividing the land into territories
• Electing an assembly
• Admission of new states

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Land Ordinances

• Sections of land were reserved for churches, with
  some sold for a ministers salary
• Sect. 16 was set aside for schools
• 2-3 were set aside to sell for revenue
• Land with water was more valuable

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Problems under the Articles

• Each state, regardless of size, had 1 vote
• All 13 states were needed to approve amendments
• America owed 190 million with no ability to pay

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Problems under the Articles

• States who had not paid off their pre-war debt
  wanted high taxes from all states to pay off the
  national debt
• Some states had paid their debts and did not want
  to be financially responsible for other states

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Problems under the Articles

• Britain did not leave their forts in the west, as
  per the Treaty of Paris
• Spain closed the port of New Orleans to all
  American shipping
• Paper money was useful but lost value
• Congress had no authority to deal with foreign
  nations

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Drafting a Constitution

• Chapter 5
• Section 2

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Weaknesses of Articles

• Recognizing the weaknesses, a meeting was called
  in Annapolis in the spring of 1787
• Five states sent delegates.
• Clearly, weaknesses were better than losing state
  power

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Shays Rebellion

• Daniel Shays led a farmer rebellion over high
  taxation and that taxes had to be paid in gold
• They rioted to keep courts closed so their farms
  could not be foreclosed on

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Shays Rebellion

• The rioting continued for months
• The MA militia was helpless

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Constitutional Convention

• Another call went out for a Constitutional
  Convention
• This time all 13 states sent delegates
• The meeting was held in Philadelphia, from May
  September 1787

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Constitutional Convention

• The men wore wool suits
• To stop the bugs and noise from entering, and
  their conversations from being overheard, they
  closed the windows
• Debates were loud and heated

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Constitutional Convention

• The framers of the Constitution were mostly in
  their 30s and 40s
• They were highly educated, white men
• They had vast experience in their state
  governments and business

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Constitutional Convention

• They came from large and small states
• They came from populated and sparsely populated
  states
• They came from agricultural and manufacturing
  states
• They came from slave and free states

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Virginia Plan

• Patrick Henry brought a plan to the convention
  that gave additional power to large states
• It asked for representatives to be assigned by
  state population

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Virginia Plan

• Smaller states objected
• With the Virginia Plan, just NY, PA, and VA could
  outnumber the other 10 states

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New Jersey Plan

• William Pattersons plan wanted all states to
  have the same votes, regardless of size or
  population.
• Large states opposed this
• MA had 10x the population of GA

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Great Compromise

• Roger Sherman of CT suggested a 2 house
  legislature, using both plans

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Great Compromise

• The upper house, Senate, all states receive the
  same number of votes (2), regardless of size or
  population
• The lower house, House of Representatives,
  receives delegates based on population

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What to do about Slaves?

• Southern states, some with up to 43 of their
  population made up of slaves, wanted to count
  each toward representation in the House
• The northern/free states opposed.

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3/5 Compromise

• A compromise on this issue was reached for 2
  reasons
• The framers did not want to alienate the southern
  states even before the government was written
• Slavery was dying out
• (they had no way of knowing that Whitney would
  invent the gin)

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3/5 Compromise

• The compromise allowed slave states to count 3/5s
  of their slaves toward population
• It allowed the next 20 years to import slaves

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How much power?

• Proponents of states rights, did not want to
  give too much power to a strong federal
  government
• After Shays Rebellion, they realized they would
  have to give authority to a central government
  for their own protection

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Separation of Powers

• Fearful of giving one person or a small group too
  much power, the framers decided to divide the
  powers among 3 branches of government.
• Each branch has their own duties and
  responsibilities

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Separation of Powers

• Legislative make laws
• Executive enact laws
• Judicial check constitutionality of legislation

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Checks and Balances

• Each branch checks on the power of the other
  branches and has the responsibility to balance
  the power

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Checks and Balances
Legislative Branch Can override Presidential
vetoes Confirms appointments Declares war
Executive Branch Can veto Appoints members to
Supreme Court Moves troops
Judicial Branch Declares laws unconstitutional Jud
icial Review
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Federalism

• The framers also divided power between the
  federal government and the state governments
• The federal government can coin money and declare
  war
• The state governments can make marriage laws

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Federalism

• The federal and state governments share some
  powers
• Both can tax residents
• Both can build roads
• Both can borrow money

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Electoral College

• Many of the framers felt that the average
  American did not have the skills necessary to
  elect a president
• They established a safety net to make sure a
  competent person held the office, regardless of
  how the public voted

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Electoral College

• Voters do not vote for president, we vote for
  electors.
• Today they are representatives of the political
  parties

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Electoral College

• Each state gets electoral votes, based on their
  population
• Number of representatives number of senators
  votes
• Large states get more
• Small states get a minimum of 3

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Electoral College

• Florida gets 27 (25 rep2 sen)
• A candidate needs 270 to win the election
• If no one gets that number, the House decides, 1
  vote per state.
• If there is a tie, the president of the Senate
  (VP) chooses

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Shaping a New Nation

• Ratifying the Constitution
• Chapter 5
• Section 3

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Federalists and Anti-Federalists

• Although there were political parties in Britain,
  no one in America thought that they would evolve
  here
• Differences of opinion would divide the country
  into two factions.

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Ratification

• Some states, like VA and NY, refused to ratify
  the Constitution without a Bill of Rights.
• They were afraid that the new government would
  take away some rights if they were not included

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Federal or States Rights?

• State constitutions limited the amount of power
  given to their governors because they were afraid
  of giving too much power to one individual
• Now some states feared giving too much power to a
  central government

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Federal or States Rights

• People, such as Washington, Adams, and Hamilton,
  favored giving the federal government as much
  power as it needed.
• They were called Federalists

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Federal or States Rights

• People such as Jefferson, Henry, and Madison,
  wanted the central government to only take the
  powers expressly written in the Constitution.
• They became anti-Federalist (Democratic-Republican
  s)

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Bill of Rights

• Anti-federalists demanded a bill of rights, like
  the ones in England
• To assure ratification by all states, the
  Federalists agreed

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Bill of Rights

• Most of the rights forbid conduct which was
  prevalent under the monarchy
• Americans fear of a powerful government is clear
  in the rights

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Bill of Rights

• 1. Freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition
  and religion
• 2. Right to bear arms
• 3. No quartering of soldiers
• 4. No unreasonable search
• 5. No self incrimination
• 6. Speedy trial
• 7. Right to trial by jury

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Bill of Rights

• 8. No excessive bail or punishment
• 9. Rights of people
• 10. Rights of states
• All ratified in 1791