doi

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Digital Object Identifier
Norman Paskin, International DOI Foundation

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Main themes
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Previous ERPANET Cork meeting (June
2004) Principles of persistent
identifiers The development of persistent
identifiers. Keynote presentation made at
ERPANET Persistent Identifiers seminar, Cork.
June 2004 http//www.erpanet.org/events/2004/cork
/presentations/040617PaskinPIConcepts.pdf DOI
system as one solution Overview of Digital
Object Identifier (DOI) System. Presentation
made at ERPANET Persistent Identifiers seminar,
Cork. June 2004 http//www.erpanet.org/events/200
4/cork/presentations/040617PaskinDOIpresentation.p
df

• Now Update on key developments
• Internet infrastructure
• Standards
• Social infrastructure
• Value added
• Example DOI applications
• Responses to issues raised slides modified, more
  in full version on web site

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Internet infrastructure

• The governance of the DNS will not
  completely encompass future Internet addressing
  and navigation, which is a good thing, not a
  shortcoming. The system of domain names, IP
  numbers, root servers and protocol identifiers is
  not static but a technology capable of evolving
  into a better form. As such, the current system
  should not be treated as sacrosanct, but amenable
  to innovation. The paradox of Internet governance
  is that any institutional arrangement will by
  nature be a collusion of political power and
  financial interests that acts to freeze into
  place the current technical design, and make new
  and better approaches almost impossible to
  emerge-much as the system of national telecom
  operators dominated communications for a century
  until the Internet emerged as the unlikely force
  that upended it. We can already see that future
  Internet navigation will not simply be addresses
  linked to computers, but to billions of devices,
  file-documents, real-time video and audio
  streams, objects though RFID tags, and even
  constantly changing instantiations of information
  - all which will make today's DNS and its
  governance seem anachronistic. Allowing for
  alternative addressing and navigation across the
  network, alongside a sanctioned 'legacy' DNS,
  will be a balanced way to achieve diversity,
  experimentation and progress, while also ensuring
  stability and reliability.
• Kenneth Neil Cukier (Technology
  Correspondent, The Economist) at the OII Forum on
  Internet Governance 6 May 2005

i.e. an architecture which sustains legacy and
supports innovation
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DOI as a packaged system minimum reinvention
Numbering scheme
Policies
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Data Model
Internet Resolution
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DOI syntax can include any existing identifier
label formal or informal, of any entity

• An identifier container e.g.
• 10.1234/NP5678
• 10.5678/ISBN-0-7645-4889-4
• 10.2224/2004-10-ISO-DOI
• NISO Z39.84 DOI Syntax (2000)
• 5 year review in 2005 completing.
• Revision of case sensitivity, to be amended in
  line with use
• Approved subject to minor edits

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• Resolve from DOI to data
• initially to location (URL) persistence
• May be to multiple data
• Multiple locations
• Metadata
• Services
• Extensible
• Uses the Handle system
• - IETF RFCs 3650, 3651, 3652
• See Release 1.0, September 2003 "Online
  Registries The DNS and Beyond...
  doi10.1340/309registries
• URI specification pending
• Possible URN spec
• May use http
• 10.123/456 as dx.doi.org/10.123/456

Internet resolution allows a DOI to link to any
multiple pieces of current data
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• DOI Data Model Metadata tools
• a data dictionary to define
• a grouping mechanism to relate
• The semantic web bit
• Necessary for interoperability
• Enabling information that originates in one
  context to be used in another in ways that are as
  highly automated as possible.
• Able to use existing metadata
• Mapped using a standard dictionary
• Can describe any entity at any level of
  granularity
• indecsDD which incorporates ISO MPEG 21000 part 6
  RDD
• IDF is the MPEG21 RDD registration authority

ltindecsgt Data Dictionary DOI AP framework
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DOI and metadata standards

• RDD is part of the overall indecs Data Dictionary
  approach
• All the RDD terms are in the actual iDD as it now
  stands
• That is is not the DOI Metadata Standard scheme
  you must use.
• DOI can use ANY metadata the Dictionary simply
  enables interoperability.
• Using ONIX is best example so far
• CRM, FRBR are similar philosophy so map very well
• SCORM, DC, METS, etc can also be mapped
• The existence of the dictionary can help develop
  a scheme by offering standard terms

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1998-2004 Defining what is identified through
metadata
Development of indecs 1998-2004 Black what
Red who
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DOI policies allow any business model for
practical implementations

• Implementation through IDF
• Technical infrastructure resolution mechanism,
  proxy servers, mirrors, back-up, central
  dictionary,
• Social infrastructure persistence commitments,
  fall-back procedures, cost-recovery
  (self-sustaining), shared use of ip
• Not a standard but a Registration
  Authority/maintenance agency (cf bar code and
  EAN)
• DOI System for standardisation in ISO TC46SC9
  (ISBN etc)
• Registration agencies
• Each can develop own applications
• Use in own brand ways appropriate for their
  community

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Update on DOI system

• 2005 meeting presentations on web site
• http//www.doi.org/doi_presentations/members_meeti
  ng_2005/agenda.html
• See DOI News
• Key theme social infrastructure issues
• 17m DOIs, gt1300 naming authorities
• Modest growth in DOIs of most RAs
• One new sector (data TIB, N4L)
• Self funding model underlying income must
  balance costs vulnerable to problems. Growth
  rate?
• Network effects communities more effective than
  small or start-up RAs
• Relation to handle implementations

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DOI Deposits by RA per year
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10 RAs but one dominates numerically at present
(6 months)
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Cumulative DOI Prefixes by RA/year
Naming authorities (prefix) development presages
more growth
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Update on DOI system

• Key theme social infrastructure issues
• Completing main development work
• from initial implementation (single URL redirect)
  
• to full (Multiple resolution, metadata
  management)
• Continuing growth
• Good progress with standardising syntax, data
  dictionary, core specification
• IP patent policy
• Restructuring organisation
• Wider advisory board, change of some internal
  aspects

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Scope

• Digital Object Identifier
• not Identifier of Digital Object
• but Digital Identifier of Object
• Object any entity of interest in an
  intellectual property transaction
• Object precisely defined by metadata and
  terminology from data dictionary (indecs
  framework et al) to ensure that what you mean is
  what I mean (interoperability)
• Objects can be physical, digital, or abstract,
  e.g. people, organisations, agreements, etc.
• What is identified is not necessarily what DOI
  resolves to (what is resolved to is about what
  is identified)

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Value of the DOI system

• See DOI factsheet Value added by the DOI
  system
• Version 1.1 www.doi.org/factsheets
• The value of the DOI system is from three
  functions
• Persistent identification
• Network actionability
• Semantic interoperability
• Value is added by each of these three
• Each offers value
• Can have one or more for a DOI application
• The combination provides best functionality/advant
  age

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Value added (1)

• Design
• A system for persistent, semantically
  interoperable, identification of intellectual
  property entities on any digital network.
• Media type neutral applies to physical and
  digital objects and abstract entities (resources,
  parties, licences, etc)
• Standards based
• Uses existing components in building an added
  value application.
• To be an ISO standard
• Syntax
• Standard NISO Z39.84 syntax
• Resolution (network actionability)
• Uses Handle System
• Technology neutral (only requires internet
  connectivity)

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Value added (2)

• Data structure (semantic interoperability)
• Precisely specify exactly what is identified
• Uses indecs framework
• Can be used to embody relationships, e.g. a
  parent-child. Handle technology allows this
  DOI provides a framework to achieve it.
• Technical Infrastructure
• IDF funds aspects of technical infrastructure of
  the DOI System
• Social infrastructure (persistence)
• IDF builds on top of Handle a social structure
  guaranteeing persistence. Persistence is a
  function of organizations, not of technology a
  persistent identifier system requires a
  persistent organization and defined processes
• Business potential
• Registrants can incorporate persistent,
  semantically interoperable, identification of
  intellectual property entities as part of
  services providing added value.

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Example 1 Crossref now 400 publishers, 16
million DOIs, Google, etc
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Example 2 OECD use of DOIs for tables etc
Adding value for both print and online readers
Printed under each table, chart and graph,
DOI-based links offer instant access to the
matching spreadsheet in Excel TM
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Examples of data citations

• Nozawa, Toru (2004) IPCC-DDC_CCSRNIES_SRES_B2
  211 YEARS MONTHLY MEANS, National Institute for
  Environmental Studies and Center for Climate
  System Research Japan, WDCC. doi10.1594/WDCC/CCSR
  NIES_SRES_B2
• Kamm,H Machon, L Donner, S (2004) Gas
  Chromatography (KTB Field Lab), GFZ Potsdam.
  doi10.1594/GFZ/ICDP/KTB/ktb-geoch-gaschr-p

Example 3 TIB expecting 1.5m DOIs in year
one
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What is the Eleonet project

• Eleonet stands for European Learning Object
  Network
• Is a project co-funded by the European Commission
  within the eTEN programme
• It is described in a single phrase as follow
• Eleonet aims at creating a technological system,
  based on appropriate DOI application profile(s),
  to facilitate the exchange of educational content
  within the eLearning value chain at European level

Example 4 Eleonet several DOI agencies
collaborating
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The consortium

• AIE (co-ordinator) and Cineca - the two parent
  organisations of mEDRA
• Editrain in Spain, a mEDRA partner since 2002
• Nielsen BookData in UK
• L3S / TIB in Germany, the most recently appointed
  DOI-RA
• INDIRE an Italian public organisation
  specialised in metadata for educational content

Example 4 Eleonet several DOI agencies
collaborating
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The expected output

• A DOI registration system for European Learning
  Objects (based on mEDRA technology)
• including complete metadata schema (based on
  existing ones, LOM in particular)
• possibly mapped within the iDD system
• A database of metadata on LOs
• A search engine to explore and query the DB
• A resolution system, based on DOI technology, to
  reach multiple repositories

Example 4 Eleonet several DOI agencies
collaborating
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Cools URIs dont meet the practical needs of
some users e.g. purchase of book list by a
rival publisher (example from Cork presentation)
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Some issues from the meeting (1)

• Technology
• http? Yes DOI 10.123/456 as http//dx.doi.org/10
  .123.456
• but the world does not stop evolving sustain
  legacy, support innovation multiple, secure
  resolution, etc (whats the problem?)
• Services not identifier mechanisms are important
  for users
• IDF Some technical infrastructure mirrors,
  copies, backups, proxies, etc
• But mainly social infrastructure
• Communities of self-interest
• Persistence of doi.org? dx.doi.org? (re e.g.
  loc.gov).
• Its communities, not technical design
  stakeholders
• gt1300 naming authorities - may not all care but
  some will
• Just as persistence of handle.net is through
  CNRI, DOI, ADL, DTIC, Grid,Matrushka dolls
• Persistence of data dictionaries other
  stakeholders ONIX MPEG21, etc

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Some issues from the meeting (2)

• Practical rules
• e.g what happens, if RA goes away, to its
  existing DOIs specific rules re prefixes, new
  DOIs, edits, transfers, aliases, fees
• e.g. what happens if IDF goes away, CNRI goes
  away contractual bindings (RA-IDF-CNRI-Data
  Dictionary)
• Network effects
• Communities adopt DOI most easily if they have
• a reason (Crossref, TIB) and/or
• an ability to mandate (EC)
• The more stakeholders adopt DOI, the more
  persistent DOI is
• Building communities is hard
• People, politics, suspicion, NIH, FIG.
• Costs effort self-funding bootstrapping,
  leadership
• Herding cats different viewpoints
• Legal issues self-interest can mean selfish
  interest e.g. intellectual property conflicts
• But worth doing

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Further reading
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• Paskin, Norman. "Two practical examples of issues
  in internet governance". Paper presented 6 May
  2005 at the Internet Governance Forum, Oxford
  Internet Institute.
• http//www.oii.ox.ac.uk/collaboration/specialevent
  s/20050505_governance_position_papers.pdf
• Paskin, Norman. "Digital Object Identifiers for
  scientific data". Data Science Journal, Vol. 4,
  18 March 2005.
• http//www.doi.org/topics/050210CODATAarticleDSJ.p
  df
• The development of persistent identifiers.
  Keynote presentation made at ERPANET Persistent
  Identifiers seminar, Cork. June 2004
• http//www.erpanet.org/events/2004/cork/presentati
  ons/040617PaskinPIConcepts.pdf
• Overview of Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
  System. Presentation made at ERPANET Persistent
  Identifiers seminar, Cork. June 2004
• http//www.erpanet.org/events/2004/cork/presentati
  ons/040617PaskinDOIpresentation.pdf
• DOI factsheet Value added by the DOI system
  http//www.doi.org/factsheets
• Presentations from 2005 annual IDF meeting
• http//www.doi.org/doi_presentations/members_meeti
  ng_2005/agenda.html

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n.paskin_at_doi.org www.doi.org