The Person and the Situation

1
The Person and the Situation

• Basic categories
• Motives
• Knowledgethe representational system
• Feelingsattitudes, emotions, and moods
• Motivessuperordinate
• Goals subordinate
• Conscious (controlled) versus automatic
• Attentioneffortful limited
• Stimuli or goals
• Automaticity
• Conserve resources
• Practice
• Automatic intentions
• Mindlessness

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Langer Mindlessness Results
3
Self-Control

• Adapt strategies to achieve goals
• Adaptive
• Effortful
• Ironic processes
• Distracters (controlled)
• Monitoring failures (automatic)

4
Knowledge

• Mental representations
• Exemplar
• Schema
• Script
• Self-concept
• Multiple selves
• Self-complexity
• Sources of selfknowledge
• Self-perception (Bem)
• Overjustification intrinsic and extrinsic
  motivation
• Reflected appraisal (Cooley)
• Social comparison (Festinger)

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Feelings

• Attitudes
• Moods
• Emotions
• Origins of emotions
• Physiologicalarousal
• Evolution
• Culture

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Cognitive, Social and Physiological Determinants
of Emotional StateStanley Schachter and Jerome
Singer

• Hypothesisemotion produced by
• Cognitionsituational cues
• Physiological arousal
• Specific predictions
• Arousal without cause will be labeled by
  available cognitions
• Cognition without arousal will not produce
  emotion
• A given situation produces emotions only with
  arousal
• Independent variables
• Arousal operationalized by
• Epinephrine/placebo
• Cognition
• Appropriate explanation for arousalinformed,
  misinformed, ignorant
• Situationemotion inducing cognition
• Euphoric/angry

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• Dependent Variable(s)
• Selfreported mood
• Units of behavior

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Self-report of emotion
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Behavior Scores
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Self-Information effects
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The Situation

• Physical situation
• Can determine social outcomes
• Persons as situation
• Mere presence
• Affordancesopportunities and threats
• Norms
• Descriptive
• Injunctive
• Prescriptive
• Proscriptive
• Scripts

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Pluralistic ignorance and college student
perceptions of gender-specific alcohol norms

• Social influence
• Pluralistic ignorance assume own attitudes more
  conservative than others
• Men perceived as less concerned about drinking
  than women
• Experiment 1
• Attitudes and behaviordrinking and DUI
• Self, average male, average females, male
  friends, female friends

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ResultsStudy 1

• Figure 1 page 259

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Studies 2 and 3
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Study 2Randomly assign to audienceAdministrators
, fraternities, researchers
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Study 3Pressure and consequences
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Study 4Perceptions of others
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• Strong versus weak situations
• Culture
• Individualistic/independent
• Collectivistic/interdependent
• Nature of self

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The person and the situation interact

• Different persons respond differently to the same
  situation
• Situations choose the person
• Persons choose their situations
• Different situations prime different parts of the
  person
• Person change the situation
• Situations change the personsocialization