EMOTION

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EMOTION

• to set in motion

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• A motivated state marked by physiological
  arousal, expressive behavior, and cognitive
  experience.
• For examplean angry man

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THE BIOPSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTION

• THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND EMOTION
• Emotional expression and experience depend on
  physiological arousal
• Autonomic nervous system
• Fight or flight response

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• THE BRAIN AND EMOTION
• Limbic system and cerebral hemispheres
• The Limbic system and Emotion
• Hypothalamus
• Control changes in breathing, heart output during
  fight or flight
• Septum
• Suppresses aversive emotional states
• Amygdala
• React emotionally to different environmental
  circumstances
• Frontal lobes can inhibit emotional responses

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• Hemispheric Specialization and Emotion
• Right hemisphere
• Assess emotional states from facial expressions
• Regulating facial expressions
• Negative emotions
• Left hemisphere
• Positive emotions
• Research from Richard Davidson
• Film clips
• 10 month old infants
• Wada test
• Lee, G.P., et. al (1990). Hemispheric
  specialization for emotional expression A
  reexamination of results from intracarotid
  administration of sodium amobarbital. Brain and
  Cognition, 12, 267-280.

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• THE CHEMISTRY OF EMOTION
• Hormones and neurotransmitters
• Hormones and Emotions
• Epinephrine and norepinephrine
• Rise in blood cholesterol
• Endorphins and Emotions
• Pain relief and evoking feelings of pleasure
• Music and naloxone

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THE EXPRESSION OF EMOTION

• Vocal qualities, body movements and facial
  expressions
• Look in the face of the person to whom you are
  speaking if you wish to know his real sentiments,
  for he can command his words more easily than his
  countenance.
• Peter Jennings and President Reagan
• Women are better than men at recognizing facial
  expressions
• Survey says
• Out of 19 emotions, women believed to experience
  more as opposed to men
• More research
• Women perceived to be expressing greater sadness
• Men were perceived to be expressing more anger
• Actors
• Duchenne smile

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• HEREDITY AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
• Expressions evolved because they promoted
  survival
• Detection of angry and happy faces in a crowd
• Carroll Izard (1990) facial expressions for basic
  emotions are inborn and universal
• Sugar and quinine
• Chinese infants less expressive than Japanese or
  Europeans
• Blind children also exhibit emotions

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• CULTURE AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
• Fore tribe of New Guinea
• Told story, then asked to pick a picture
• No contact with westerners

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THEORIES OF EMOTION
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BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF EMOTION

• James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory and
  opponent process theory

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

• The theory that specific patterns of
  physiological arousal changes evoke specific
  emotional experiences.
• William James and Carl Lange
• Common-sense says, we lose our fortune, are
  sorry and weep we meet a bear, are frightened
  and run we are insulted by a rival, are angry
  and strikethe more rational statement is that we
  feel sorry because we cry, angry because we
  strike, afraid because we tremble.

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• Research in support of James-Lange
• Adopt facial expressions
• Measuring physiological responses
• E.T., The Extraterrestrial

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The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• The theory that emotion is produced when an event
  or object is perceived by the thalamus, which
  conveys this information simultaneously to the
  cerebral cortex and the skeletal muscles and
  autonomic nervous system.
• Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
• Different emotions, same state of arousal
• Limbic system instead of thalamus
• Spinal cord injury research in support of
  Cannon-Bard

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The Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion

• The theory that the brain counteracts a strong
  positive emotion by evoking an opposite emotional
  response
• Maintain homeostasis
• Richard Soloman (1980)
• Opposing emotion begins sometime after onset of
  the first emotion and lasts longer
• If first emotion experienced repeatedly, opposing
  emotion grows stronger
• Emotion experienced is a compromise between the
  two

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The Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion

• The theory that particular facial expressions
  induce particular emotional responses
• Israel Waynbaum (1907)
• Paul Ekman (1992)
• Sensory neurons convey information from facial
  muscles directly to hypothalamus.

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COGNITIVE THEORIES OF EMOTION

• Two-factor theory and cognitive appraisal theory

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The Two Factor Theory of Emotion

• The theory that emotional experience is the
  outcome of physiological arousal and the
  attribution of a cause for that arousal.
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer
• Research in support

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The Cognitive-Appraisal Theory of Emotion

• The theory that ones emotion at a given time
  depends on ones interpretation of the situation
  one is in.
• Richard Lazarus (1993)
• Watched film of a tribal ritual. Incisions made
  in an adolescents penises.
• Different sound tracks
• Silent group
• Trauma group
• Intellectualization group
• Denial group
• Criticisms
• Thalamus to limbic system bypasses cerebral
  cortex

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