International Organization IO

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International Organization (IO)

• Issue-Areas International Security,
  International Political Economy IO
• IPE IO Collective Goods problem
• Int. Security IO International Diplomacy
  next week
• Integration Theory, (Neo) Functional Theory
• Case Study European Union
• Gradual integration, structures, limits to
  supranationalism

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International Organization

• Security dilemma anarchy, sovereignty conflict
  
• Order can be preserved through BoP
• Is there something else that can preserve order,
  i.e. peaceful relations among actors?

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International Institutions

• Rules of international behavior, shared norms of
  international law
• International rules operate through international
  institutions (IOs) key role in achieving mutual
  cooperation when expectations are not shared

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IO Issue-Areas

• From security affairs (1950-1960s) to
  International Political Economy (1970s-)
• IPE political bargaining over economic issues
  (trade, monetary relations and multinational
  corporations)
• North-South issues, environmental politics,
  regional economic integration

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IO IPE

• Collective Goods Problem
• Need to institutionalize
• Regime creation
• Creation of IOs (post WW2)

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An International Institutional Network

• Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) global
  (League of Nations, UN), regional (EU, ASEAN,
  etc..)
• Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) e.g., ICRC,
  Amnesty International..
• Incremental process

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Non-State Transnational Actors

• Challenges to realism
• Formal IGOs supranational roles and influences
• Debate significance of political integration for
  nation-state?
• Struggle between state sovereignty and higher
  authority (nationalism vs. supranational
  structures)

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Integration Theory Functionalism

• International integration process by which
  supranational institutions replace national ones
• Research on political integration (Haas, 1958)
• Draws on Functional Theory (Mitrany, 1940s-1950s)

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Integration Theory

• Community formation through international
  organization (Haas, 1958)
• Perception of interests, articulation of
  specific values are core variables for actors in
  their decision to proceed with integration
• Important role of central institutions

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Economic Integration

• Functionalism
• Specialized technical transnational organizations
  enhance economic cooperation
• Supranational structures help states fulfill
  functions
• Prediction strong international economic
  structures will tie states together
• What about the emergence of political
  supranational entities, e.g. European Parliament?

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Neo-Functionalism

• Spillover process technical economic
  cooperation would spill over into political
  integration (foreign policy, military)
• Most successful process of integration the
  European Union
• Studying EU formation provides concepts for
  analysis of the politics of economic
  interdependence and shift in sovereignty

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The European Union

• A supranational political structure has emerged
  from functional economic ties among sovereign
• states which have relinquished considerable
  power to the Union
• But national power still outweighs supranational
  power

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Membership Expansion

• From 6 to 12, to 15 25 (2004)
• Britain, Ireland, Denmark (1973)
• Greece (1981)
• Portugal, Spain (1986)
• Austria, Sweden, Finland (1995)
• Cyprus, Czech Rep., Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
  Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia
  (2004)

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Structure of the EU (1)

• European Parliament (EP)
• Council of Ministers (CoM)
• European Council (ECon)
• European Commission (ECom)
• Court of Justice (CoJ)

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Structure of the EU (2)

• EP elected by the peoples of States
• CoM 25 foreign ministers representing the
  governments of the Member States
• Role give general directions to Commission
• ECon 25 state leaders
• ECom executive body
• Role identify  problems, propose solutions
  implement policies of Council of Ministers
• Court of Justice ensures compliance with the law
  

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Limits to Supranationalism

• Eu. Council national Prime Ministers or
  Presidents general overview
• Council of Ministers has power over Commission
  must approve policies of Commission
• Limited powers European parliament cannot
  legislate rules of the community

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Towards a United Europe

• Functionalist vision J. Monnet R. Shuman
• No more future wars if states are bound together
  by economic links
• Shuman Plan European Coal and Steel Community
  (ECSC, 1952)
• ECSC 6 industrial countries reduce trade
  barriers in coal and steel coordinate policies

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A Gradual Process of Integration

• Treaty of Rome (1957)
• European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)
• European Economic Community (EEC, 1958)
  Economic Community (EC) Common Market (customs
  union in 1969, free trade area - flow of labor
  capital as goal)
• Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

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Further Economic Integration

• The Single European Act (1985)
• The Maastricht Treaty European Union (1991)

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Economic Technical Integration

• First major revision to Treaty of Rome (1985)
• Europe 1992 Process push towards true common
  market, single currency monetary system
• The Maastricht Treaty (1991) - 3 goals
• Monetary union Euro EU Central Bank (2002)
  except Britain, Denmark, Sweden
• European police agency
• Political military integration

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Political Military Integration?

• Failure of the European Defense Community (1952)
  integrate military forces (budget, command)
• Post-Maastricht Treaty
• No political military integration
  (controversy)
• 1999 decision to form 60000 rapid reaction
  military force agreement Nov. 2004
• Independence but NATO still dominant

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United States of Europe?

• Federalism states or other units recognize the
  sovereignty of a central government while
  retaining some power
• Regional coordination but European states
  unwilling to give up totally exclusive claims to
  sovereignty
• Test in 2005-2006 ratification in members states
  of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for
  Europe (signed 29 October 2004)

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Thinking Theoretically (1)

• Testing theory with reality
• Success of monetary union
• Predominance of supranationalism over core
  sovereign right to print own currency
• Best example of economic regional integration

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Thinking Theoretically (2)

• EU no military political integration
• No supranationalism in foreign policy and
  military policy (disunity over Bosnia)
• Spillover still intangible after 50 years

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Thinking Theoretically (3)

• End of Cold War move towards disintegration
  instead of integration (Soviet Union, former
  Yugoslavia, possibly Iraq)?