A Review of Idealist/Realist Debate

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A Review of Idealist/Realist Debate

• Idealism
• Wilson, Zimmern
• Optimistic/Progressive Outlook
• Collective Security
• Institutionalizing peace
• Institutions transcending states
• Colloboration
• International Institutions

• Realism
• Carr, Morgenthau
• Pessimistic/Stability Outlook
• Structural anarchy
• War Security
• Independent states
• National interests, security, power, zero-sum
  competition
• Balance of Power

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Lecture Outline (17.10.2002)Theories of
Political Integration

• Functionalism
• Neo-Functionalism
• Interdependence
• International Regimes
• Systems Theory
• World Federalism
• Epistemic Communities

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Theories of Political Integration

• What is political integration?

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Political Integration

• The process or the product of efforts to build
  new political communities and supranational
  institutions that transcend the state

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The Purposes of Political Integration

• To remove states incentives for war
• To engineer reform programs
• To transform international institutions from
  instruments of states to structures over them

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Functionalism

• David Mitrany, A Working Peace System, 1966
• Ernst Haas, Beyond the Nation-State, 1964

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Functionalism

• a gradualist approach to world order with the
  attainment of political federation by
  installments
• Peace by pieces
• A bottom-up evolutionary view
• Why a gradualist approach?
• How a gradualist approach?

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Functionalism Why a gradualist approach?

• Because state sovereignty is so firmly for the
  states and it is very difficult for the states to
  cease it
• The conflicts among states are generally exempted
  from political issues
• Thus, it is very difficult to provide integration
  between states in political matters
• So, how can cooperation be achieved?

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Functionalism How a gradualist approach?

• In Political Issues cooperation is
  unlikely to occur
• So what to do?

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Functionalism How a gradualist approach?

• In Political Issues cooperation is
  unlikely to occur
• So what to do?
• It is relatively easy to attain cooperation in
• non-political matters
• What are these?

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Functionalism How a gradualist approach?

• Cooperation in non-political areas
• build
• habits of interaction
• spill over effect
• Cooperation in the political areas

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FunctionalismHow can functionalist theory be
criticized?

• the distinction between political and
  non-political
• the transition from non-political to political
  integration may not be possible
• state sovereignty is underestimated in
  functionalist theory

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Neofunctionalism

• the supremacy of political factors
• the political/non-political aspects are totally
  different so there is not a way from
  non-political therough political
• Integration should begin by the political issues.
  Then it would include all other aspects of life
• Maastricht Treaty on EU

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NeofunctionalismPreconditions for a proper
political Integration
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NeofunctionalismPreconditions for a proper
political Integration

• geographical proximity
• steady economic growth
• similar political systems
• supportive public opinion
• cultural homogeneity
• internal political stability
• Similar historical experiences
• Compatible forms of government and economic
  systems

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NeofunctionalismPreconditions for a proper
political Integration

• Similar level of economic resources
• a shared perception of common external threat
• Bureaucratic compatibilities
• Previous corroborative efforts
• similar level of military preparedness

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Neofunctionalism

• Cooperation in Political Matters
• Spill Over
• Nation-state Spill Round Federation
• Spill Back

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Interdependence
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Interdependence

• Changes in one nation produce significant
  changes in one or more others
• In emerged as a challenge to the realist analysis
  of world politics?
• In what ways?

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Interdependence

• By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
• States as coherent units are the dominant actors
  in world politis
• Force is a usable and effective instrument of
  policy
• There is a hierarchy of issues in world politics
• INTEGRATION IS IMPOSSIBLE

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Interdependence

• By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
• States as coherent units are the dominant actors
  in world politis
• Multiple Channels Connect Societies
• informal ties btw. Govt. Elites
• informal ties btw. Non-govt. Elites
• transnational orhanizations
• 3 types of Channels
• interstate
• transgovernmental
• transnational

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Interdependence

• By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
• 2. Force is a usable and effective instrument of
  policy
• Military Force is not employed btw. Govts that
  locate in the same region or issue area

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Interdependence

• By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
• 3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world
  politics
• There is not an hierarchy of issues in the agenda
  of interstate relations

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Interdependence

• By Challenging 3 Premises of Realism
• 3. There is a hierarchy of issues in world
  politics
• There is not an hierarchy of issues in the agenda
  of interstate relations
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