The Risorgimento

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The Risorgimento
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Italy in 1748
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Napoleon

• 1796 - Napoleon Bonaparte invades Italy and
  overthrows existing states.
• 1802 - Italian Republic (Northern Italy) founded,
  with Napoleon as President.
• 1805 - Napoleon is crowned King of Italy in
  Milan.
• 1814 - Defeat of Napoleon.

Napoleon Bonaparte as King of Italy
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French Revolution and Napoleon

• A boost to nationalism
• Destruction of traditional state boundaries
• New, efficient administration (Code Napoléon)
  destroying old privileges especially in the Papal
  States and Naples

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Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-72)

• Founder of Giovine Italia (new nationalist
  movement)
• Promoted Italian nationhood via popular
  insurrection
• Spurred more moderate opinion.

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Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)

• Introduced a number of reforms
• Amnesty for political prisoners
• Freedom of the press
• Civil guard
• Consultative council of state
• Aroused ambitions elsewhere
• By early 1848, half of Italy had some form of
  constitutional government

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1848 the year of revolutions

• Rebellions occurred throughout Europe and
  provoked military and political reaction, and the
  defeat of the liberals.
• Carlo Alberto concedes constitution in Piedmont
  attacks Austria but is defeated at Custozza
• The Roman Republic terrified the Pope who
  appealed to the French who destroyed it
• Followed by a decade of harsh repression.

Carlo Alberto
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Camillo Cavour

• PM of Piedmont 1852-61
• Modernised Piedmont (administration, finances,
  egalitarian social system, agriculture,
  infrastructures)
• Promoted Piedmonts position in the international
  sphere in order to obtain support from the French
  against Austria.
• Began the expansion of Piedmont (annexing
  Lombardy, Tuscany, Emilia and Romagna in exchange
  for Savoy and Nice).

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Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82)

• May 1860, launched an invasion force of 1000
  volunteers to liberate Sicily from the Bourbons.
• Subsequently invaded southern Italy and marched
  on Naples, then on Rome, where his army met
  Victor Emmanuels army.

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Italy in 1860
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Italy in 1861
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Breccia di Porta Pia XX settembre 1870
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Europe in 1860
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Europe in 1871
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Problems after Unification

• LItalia è fatta. Si tratta di fare gli
  italiani. We have made Italy, now we must make
  Italians.
• Little consensus over the shape of the unified
  Italy.
• Fragmented national identity and strong
  provincialism.

Victor Emmanuel II 1849-78
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North and South

• Political traditions strong in North, weak in
  South
• Climate and geography
• North had closer ties to Northern Europe and
  better communications

Founded 1899
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South and North

• Climate and geography
• Ending of protectionism exposed weak southern
  industries to harsh competition
• Things got worse (in terms of industrialisation)
  over the 40 years after unification.
• Poor natural resources in the South, poor
  infrastructures

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Political developments 1860-1915

• Domination by an oligarchy (a small political
  class)
• Strongly centralised state, despite lack of
  national identity
• Compromise between ruling classes in North and
  South confirming dualism (two-speed development)
• No charismatic leaders
• Restricted suffrage (right to vote)
• Opposition of the Catholic Church

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Political developments 1860-1915

• Underdeveloped party politics
• trasformismo was a (corrupt) system of
  manipulating majorities in parliament (Giolitti
  was the master of this system and by using it he
  managed to neutralise the Socialists).
• There were some achievements widening franchise,
  lower taxes, laws protecting workers.
• First foreign ventures into Africa (the Horn of
  Africa)

Giovanni Giolitti (1842-1928) PM five times
1892-1921
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Social developments 1860-1915

• Major problem of illiteracy and dialect
• Many people in towns and countryside living in
  real poverty
• Poor living and working conditions throughout
  Italy leading to mass emigration.
• 1900 Umberto I assassinated by an anarchist

Umberto I (1878-1900)
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Social developments 1860-1915

• Improvements came slowly recognition of trade
  unions in 1889, leading to strikes which
  gradually forced improvements in working
  conditions.

Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946)
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Il quarto stato
Giuseppe Pelizza da Volpedo - 1901