Thinking Visually

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Thinking Visually
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Diagramming for change

• Change produces opportunities for organisations,
  but it can also provides numerous problems.
• When evaluating new ideas the pros and cons
  must be identified and considered thoroughly.
• Some diagrams which aid the evaluation are
• Force Field diagram
• SWOT diagram

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Force Field Diagram

• The force field diagram has proved to be of
  enormous benefit to industries faced with major
  change.
• It can be very useful when making a decision
  about the introduction of a new product or
  service.
• Here the aim is to highlight valid reasons for
  the introduction and to be alerted to possible
  restraining forces, some of which if not taken
  into account could lead to the failure of a
  planned venture or innovation.

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Force Field Diagram continued

• There are two types of forces affecting change
  driving forces and restraining forces.
• Driving forces People who are committed to a
  plan, and who see valid reasons for moving away
  from the established way of doing things.
• Restraining forces People who question change,
  or who are totally opposed to it. They will give
  reasons for serious questioning or outright
  opposition.

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Outline of Force Field Diagram
Driving forces
The proposed change or new idea (opportunity)
Restraining forces
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Outline of Force Field Diagram

• The arrows, showing forces, are drawn in
  different thickness to indicate perceived
  strength of force in each case.
• The central box must contain a clear concise
  statement of what is being proposed. 
• If change of any kind is to be managed
  effectively, the first step is to state the
  change and reasons (driving forces) and gather
  responses from those involved.
• From these responses it is sometimes possible to
  add further to the number of driving forces but
  also include in the diagram any restraining
  forces, or downside of the proposal. 

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Force field diagram of change to new print
technology
Increased colour facilities
Increased advertising revenue
Reduced trade-union power
Faster more flexible production
Driving forces
Proposed change to new print technology
Restraining forces
Loss of traditional skills
Increased fear of change
Threat to trade-union power
Loss of skilled jobs
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Force field diagram of change to new print
technology

• The diagram clearly shows the dynamics of the
  proposed change.
• The same issue, such as the reduction in union
  power, can be both a driving and restraining
  force.

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Business purposes of the Force-Field diagram

• The force-field diagram has a number of uses, but
  probably its widest application is in the area of
  change management.
• It has applications also in the development of
  new products, or for helping people decide upon
  important moves in their lives.

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SWOT Diagram

• SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses,
  opportunities, and threats.
• SWOT is a form of window diagram, which is often
  of the four-pane model.
• The SWOT diagram has a very wide variety of uses
  such as design decisions, analysis of new
  products and technology etc.

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SWOT Diagram Layout
Strengths
Weaknesses
SWOT
Opportunities
Threats
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SWOT Diagram continued

• The spaces within the box represent an area, and
  when a threat has been recognized alternatively
  as an opportunity it can be transferred into the
  opportunities box.
• Thus nothing is absolute and over time the
  diagram has to be reevaluated.
• The SWOT diagram is a very versatile tool because
  of the wide range of circumstances can be
  captured within the area of each window.

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SWOT sales team working remotely
Strengths
Weaknesses
Effective, reliable product lines Respect of customers Relatively secure markets Stable workforce   Poor networking skills Inadequate training Competition between sales areas leading to little sharing of ideas Too little personal contact
To decentralize more responsibility to gain quicker customer response To generate new markets by more sharing of ideas between areas Build more on idea of virtual team-working   Lack of emergency cover when isolated member absent Little obvious corporate image Garbled network information leads to lost sales  
Threats
Opportunities
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Organisation Chart

• Organisation charts are diagrams that show how
  people, operations, functions, equipment, and
  activities are organized, arranged, structured
  and/or interrelated.
• Charts generally progress from top to bottom.

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Organsation Chart Type 1

• This chart contains information on major
  organisational units.
• Charts with this type of information show the
  fundamental structure of an organisation.
• They are applicable to any type of organisation,
  whether a corporation, a government, a nonprofit
  organisation, or the military.

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Organisation Chart Type 2

• This chart contains information by title.
• This type of chart often is used to convey
  information about function as well as title and
  frequently is used in conjunction with the names
  of individuals holding the titles.
• When used to compare various organisations,
  charts with titles sometimes indicate more about
  personnel philosophies than about the structure
  of the organisation.

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Organisation Chart Type 3

• In some cases individuals report to two or more
  people for various aspects of their
  responsibilities.
• A widely accepted method to depict this on an
  organisation chart is to show the direct
  relationship with a solid line and the indirect
  relationship with a dotted line.

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Organisation Chart Type 4

• When a key topic is strategy, organisation charts
  can be used to condense a large amount of data
  into a concise, single-page format.
• Corporate strategies have many components that
  balance the competing interests of customers,
  employees, and shareholders.
• These components are held together by single
  vision or driving force that usually is
  articulated by the CEO and that might include
  strategies for finance, marketing, manufacturing,
  and research and development.

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Organisation Chart Type 4

• The strategic plan should articulate clear
  long-term objectives from which specific
  near-term goals are derived.
• The way to achieve these goals and objectives
  most effectively is by using an organisation
  chart.
• It helps to sort related ideas into groupings.
• The visual display of relationships helps ensure
  that the corporate vision together with the
  related objectives and strategies are in
  alignment.
• The organisation chart format ensures
  completeness, tests for reasonableness, and
  highlights interrelationships and dependencies
  among the elements of the strategic plan.