Literacy Inset: Writing

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Wickersley School and Sports
College Reading and Writing
For GCSE

• Part 2 Writing
• Learning to write
• Text types for GCSE examinations
• Practical Examples from
• Physical Education
• Geography
• Science

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006.

• Learning to write
• Chances are
• you have not been taught very often
• you have been given things to do, and left to
  find your way

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006.

• Learning to write
• Sequence for Writing
• find successful examples of writing
• (this and your teachers will help)
• pick out what makes them successful
• practise writing your answers in the same way

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006.

• Last time, I did not talk about
• key words in the question
• Give/ Name
• Identify
• Describe
• Explain
• Persuade
• these verbs identify different kinds of answer,
  and take us into Text Types

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006.

• Beware
• the way examiners use these verbs varies from
  subject to subject, and within subjects-
• -but you can usually make an intelligent guess
  at what type of writing is wanted

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006.
Bad news the Strategy names nine Text Types
Instruction second person and present tense,
commands.  Narrative Recount stories,
descriptive stories, some kind of chronology.
Often tries to interest, amuse, scare
reader. Non-Narrative Recount like a
description of a place a catalogue. Often tries
to interest the reader.
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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006.

• Information merges into non-narrative recount,
  but more carefully organised, better signposted
  for the reader, and factually more dense. Aims
  to offer digested factual knowledge efficiently
  to an interested reader.
• Explanation introduces causal links (and
  subordinating conjunctions therefore, hence,
  rather than ands and buts) therefore has a
  logical structure. Aims to increase the
  understanding of an interested reader.

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006.

• Persuasion takes the reader on an emotional
  journey, using recount, information
  explanation elements.Targets a supposedly
  sceptical readers feelings.
• Argument shares many elements with persuasion,
  but is more logical, factual, and often
  two-sided, aiming to engage reason more than
  feeling. Aims to change the opinions and beliefs
  of supposedly sceptical reader.
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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006.

• Analysis Logical. Detailed, and strongly
  supported by evidence. Constantly linking ideas
  to their effects on a readers thoughts and
  feelings. Impersonal. Deliberately cautious.
  Works by steps, pausing to draw conclusions.
  (Exploratory writing) For close reading.
• Evaluation Takes analysis one stage further, by
  considering not only the how, but the why and the
  successfulness in context.
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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Good news GCSE requires that students write in
  fewer mostly, and unsurprisingly-
• Recount signalled by Give, Name, Identify,
• Information signalled by Describe
• Explanation signalled by Describe, Explain
• Though beware
• Analysis (several subjects, occasional, high
  tier)
• Persuasion, Argument, Evaluation (for some
  subjects)

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• What does
• Describe
• mean here?

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Explain

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What does Describe mean here?
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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Analyse

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?
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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Explain

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Practice answers

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• On the next page there follows
• Physical Education work of a top candidate
• They attained full marks for their short answers
  in Section A
• In Section B, they began to drop marks, despite
  an obvious abundance of knowledge
• Here is what happened

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Year 11
Writing GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Page 6 AVC paper

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006The mark-scheme says this
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• A model answer
• Regular exercise and physical activity can affect
  muscle
• Describe what changes can happen and give
  examples of how these changes could improve
  performance in physical activity
• Regular exercise and physical activity can
  improve muscle bulk and muscle tone. Examples of
  how these changes could improve performance in
  physical activity are
• kicking a ball in football harder and further
• throwing a ball in netball harder and further
• 100m sprint- more power to go faster.
• Regular exercise and physical activity can also
  improve endurance. An example of how this could
  improve performance in a physical activity is
• in distance running, training leg muscles to
  accept ATP for longer, and go on working without
  cramp setting in.
• Regular physical activity improves flexibility
• this would help a dancer to twist and stretch at
  the same time
• What are the key features of this answer? How
  does it link to the question?

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Another answer that failed to attain high marks,
  despite the obvious knowledge and understanding
  of the student

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Another identify question, which means they want
information in the same form.
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The mark-scheme says this
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• Complete this answer
• Identify different ways that smoking may affect
  the health and the performance of a performer in
  physical activities
• Smoking will affect the health of a performer by
• which will affect physical activity by
• Answer by using key words from the question to
• connect your answer to their question. For 8
  marks
• give between 1 7 and 7 1 bits of information.

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• Exactly
• the
• same
• kinds
• of
• question
• and
• answer
• appear
• in
• Geography

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• The
• mark
• scheme
• says
• this

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• The word Explain in the title usually implies
  that
• the items of information need to be given in a
  definite order, and
• the words because or therefore have to be used to
  link them.

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The mark scheme says
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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Physical Education B1 (f) Page 7 mark scheme
  explanation
• Close read/ highlight key words in question
• (i) Use the graph above to help you explain why
  changes in heart rate take place during
  activities of different types
• Heart rate increases with workload, because the
  heart has to supply more oxygen to muscles.
  During light and moderate work the heart is still
  able to maintain a steady state because it
  increases its rate to between 90 and 120 bpm to
  supply all the oxygen required by muscles.
• However, during heavy work the heart cannot
  supply all the oxygen needed by muscles.
  Therefore there is an O2 deficit and CO2
  build-up. Beats per minute continue to increase
  therefore because the heart works increasingly
  hard, trying to restore equilibrium.
• Pick out the features of this model answer to f
  (i).

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• Attempt (f) (ii) yourself

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• It is exactly the same when you need to Explain
  in Geography

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This answer starts in the wrong place. It is
saved by the use of Before these changes were
made that restores the correct order.
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• A Geography Explanation for you to try
• For an area of the UK that you have studied,
  explain why the tourist industry has developed
  there
• Required sequenced list of sentences, each
  giving cause and effect

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• The
• mark
• scheme
• gives
• an
• example
• of
• what is
• required

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Three Science questions

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Science Explanation the rules are the same

• Qu 10, P 15

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Suggest people now are more likely to believe
  in evolution because (an answer that completes
  the sentence by introducing a relevant fact.)
• Negative reasons
• 200 years ago people rejected the idea that
  humans were related to other species
• 200 years ago there would have been a conflict
  between evolutionary ideas and the literal way
  religious texts were understood
• 200 years ago it was not known how fossils formed
  nor how old they were
• Positive reasons
• today there is a large collection/ record of
  fossils on which to base judgements
• today other sciences, like genetics, support
  ideas of evolution

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Science Examiners try to breakdown the reading
and writing processes to help you
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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Word or phrase answers
• (i) Increased breathing/ blood pressure. More
  glucose released/ respiration/ alert. Faster
  reactions.
• (ii) neurotransmi / acetylchlorine
• Description LSA, Haemoglobin, Thin- biconcave
• A feature of red blood cells that males them
  efficient at carrying Oxygen is the haemoglobin
  they contain enables them to absorb CO2
• LSA absorb/ release more CO2
• Haemoglobin absorb CO2 ?
• Thin- biconcave short diffusion distance to all
  parts of the cell

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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• - very like,
• PE Geography information answers.
• And very like,
• PE Geography explanation answers-

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Another Science question toa ttempt
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Year 11 Writing
GCSE Examination Answers
Spring, 2006

• Firstly, as the antelope population increases
  there is more food for cheetahs, so more cheetahs
  survive to breed. Then secondly, and as a
  result, the increased number of cheetahs kills
  more antelope, and brings the numbers of
  antelopes down. This cycle of first an increase
  in antelope population followed by an increase
  in the cheetah population followed by a fall in
  both continues.