Transport Measures

1
Transport Measures
Meridional overturning, MOC
MOC on density surfaces
Heat transport (rel. 0oC)
Freshwater transport (rel. 35 psu)
2
GanachaudWunsch
K-7

• Keith (1995)
• Trenberth Solomon (1994)
• Macdonald Wunsch (1996)
• Garnier et al (2001)
• De las Heras Schlitzer(1999)
• Bryden et al (1991)
• Ganachaud Wunsch
• (2000)

Heat transports
Heat transports
Mass transports
heat transports are indicated by the arrows and
red numbers (positive northward/eastward). The
white box at the tail end of each arrow is the
one-standard-deviation uncertainty. Between
sections, ocean-atmosphere heat transfers are
indicated by the zonal length of the coloured
boxes (blue for ocean cooling red for ocean
heating), with the length of the white box inside
indicating the uncertainty.
3
Global Heattransport
K-7
GanachaudWunsch(1996)
4
North Atlantic Heattr.
ENSEBLES
GanachaudWunsch(1996)
5
Indo-Pac. Heattransport
K-7
GanachaudWunsch(1996)
6
Wijffels et al (2001)/MacdonaldWunsch(1996)
Wijffels et al (2001)
MacdonaldWunsch(1996)
7
Global Freshwater transp.
K-7
Wijffels et. al. (2001)
8
Atlantic and IndoPac freshwater transports
K-7
Indo-Pacific
Atlantic
9
Heat transport 25oN
K-7
10
Heat transport 48oN
K-7
11
Heat/FW transport
ENSEBLES
12
Bryden et al (2005)
K-7
Transport per unit depth (in m2 s-1) represents
the zonally averaged northward geostrophic
velocity times the zonal distance across the
section at each depth. a, Top-to-bottom profile
showing the general similarity in vertical
structure of the flow for each section with
southward flow in the upper waters, a northward
flow of intermediate waters, a southward flow of
deep waters at 1,200-5,000 m depth, and a
northward flow in the bottom waters. b, Expanded
profile of the thermocline flow showing the
stronger southward flow in the 1998 and 2004
sections. c, Expanded profile below 1,000 m depth
showing the two cores of southward flowing upper
NADW centred at about 2,000 m depth and lower
NADW centred at 4,000 m depth.
u-NADW
l-NADW
AABW
13
Max. MOC 25oN
K-7
Bryden et al. (2005)
ECMWF
14
Max. MOC 48oN
K-7
15
Global MOC
ECCO-50y
ECCO-SIO
ECCO-GODAE
ECCO-JPL
GFDL
INGV
SODA
16
Atlantic MOC
ECCO-50y
ECCO-SIO
ECCO-GODAE
ECCO-JPL
GFDL
INGV
SODA
17
IndoPac MOC
ECCO-50y
ECCO-SIO
ECCO-GODAE
ECCO-JPL
GFDL
INGV
SODA
18
MOC
ENSEBLES
19
----------------
AWI
20
Willebrand et al (2000)
Level
ISOPYCNIC
ISOPYCNIC
Level
AtlanticMOC vs. depth
AtlanticMOC vs. density
SIGMA
SIGMA
1st yr
Level
SIGMA
RoemmichWunsch (1985)
ISOPYCNIC
10th yr
21
ECCO-JPL
ECCO-JPL
22
ECCO-SIO
ECCO-SIO
23
ECCO-50y
ECCO-50y
24
ECCO-GODAE
ECCO-GODAE
25
ECMWF
ECMWF
26
GFDL
SODA
27
INGV
INGV
28
SODA
SODA
29
ECCO-SIO/50y Ref.
ECCO-SIO
Bryden et al. (2005)