LDCM Briefing

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Landsat Data Continuity Briefing
Jay Feuquay, USGS Ted Hammer, NASA Stan
Schneider, NASA/NPOESS ASPRS
Conference Baltimore MD 10 March 2005
Deforestation Amazon
Courtesy TRFICMSU, Houghton et al, 2000.
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Agenda

• Background
• Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status
• Interagency Working Group
• Data Continuity Strategy
• Landsat on NPOESS
• Summary

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Background

• The Secretary of the Interior shall provide for
  long-term storage, maintenance, and upgrading of
  a basic, global land remote sensing data set.
  P.L. 102-555 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of
  1992
• NASA and DOI/USGS established as Landsat Program
  Management via Presidential Decision Directive
  NSTC-3 signed 5/5/94 amended 10/16/00
• NASA built, then launched Landsat 7 in 1999 USGS
  operates satellite and manages national long-term
  satellite data archive
• Over 250 Landsat 7 scenes (nearly 8 million
  square kilometers) obtained per day by USGS

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Background, cont.

• NASA and USGS develop a schedule for seasonal,
  global coverage, ensuring archive imagery for
  long-term land-cover record and before/after
  imagery of floods, forest fires, hurricanes, etc.
  anywhere on Earth

Pre Tsunami Post Tsunami
Population Impact
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Background, cont.

• Landsat Archive
• 33 Years and Counting
• Over 1.7 million Landsat scenes
• Over 630 terabytes of data
• Note terabyte 109 DVD movies
• Grows by over 320 gigabytes/day
• Fire History Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado

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Background, cont.
Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing
VIIRS
3300 km swath
global coverage, 2x/day/satellite
spatial resolution, 400/800m (nadir (Vis/IR))
AVHRR/ MODIS
2048 km swath
spatial resolution, 250m, 500m, 1000m
global coverage, 2 days
MISR
360 km
spatial resolution, 275m, 550m, 1100m
global coverage, 9 days
183 km
Landsat
spatial resolution, 15m, 30m
16 day orbital repeat
seasonal global coverage
ASTER
60 km
spatial resolution 15m, 30m, 90m
Commercial Systems
10 km
spatial resolution 1m
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Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing

• Landsat remote sensing plays an important role in
  that
• It gives us the "big view (183 by 170 km)
• It gives us a consistent, historical context and
  record
• It provides complete multispectral coverage
  (visible to infrared)
• It permits us to map geophysical parameters on
  regional, continental and global scales
• It permits characterization of global land
  changes
• Monitoring of gradual changes in ecosystems
  requires long-term, scientifically valid
  satellite coverage -- only Landsat provides that
  record
• Landsat-resolution data are required to
• precisely assess the area(s) affected
• separate human disturbances from those having
  natural origins
• bridge the gap between field observations and
  global monitoring

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Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status

• Landsat 5 and its Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor are
  18 years past 3-year design life
• Data transmitted real-time direct downlink only
  no onboard payload data recorder
• Full US and partial global coverage
• Fuel depleted in Spring, 2009
• Landsat 7 and its Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus
  (ETM) sensor surpassed original design life of 5
  years on April 15, 2004
• ETM scan line corrector (SLC) failure occurred
  on May 31, 2003
• The Landsat 7 images contain gaps
• USGS developed Gap-Filled products
• May 2004 failure of 1 of 3 gyros no impact to
  imaging, but risk to extend operations increased
• Fuel depleted in Spring, 2010

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Landsat 7 Merged-Scene Product
Post-anomaly Landsat 7 image
Gaps filled with next image of same site
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Risk of Landsat 7 Failure

• Approach
• NASA engineers in consultation with USGS Flight
  Operations Team conducted a risk analysis
• Used developers reliability analysis as a
  baseline
• Analyzed gyroscopes from the same manufacturer as
  those on Landsat 7 (L7) analyzed
• Results
• The predominant reliability drivers are the gyros
• Probability of L7 success decreases to 60 by
  second quarter CY 2005
• Probability of L7 success in mid 2010
  (approximate time of Landsat 7 End-of-Fuel) is
  very low 1 probability of failure is 99

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Landsat Data Gap Study Team

• NASA, USGS and Landsat user community
  representatives formed as team
• Objective Recommend options, using existing and
  near-term capabilities (not a gap filler
  mission), to populate the National Satellite Land
  Remote Sensing Data Archive with science-quality
  data for land use/land cover change
• Process Identify needs, identify existing and
  near term capabilities, compare, synthesize
  methodologies, identify resources for
  implementation
• Constraints and Assumptions
• Focus on data acquisition solutions, NOT
  spacecraft or mission solutions
• Focus on and be consistent with Public Law
  102-555
• LDCM data specification is a requirement
  threshold
• Though no single or combined data sources will
  fully meet Landsat continuity needs, team will
  recommend what can be done to lessen the impact
  of a data gap
• Assume L7 failure in 2007
• L5 limited lifetime and capability
• OLI data available 2010
• Some data sources under investigation
  ResourceSat-1, DMC, CBERS, SPOT, ASTER, EO-1/ALI,
  RapidEye
• Team to complete first phase in March 2005

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LDCM Interagency Working Group

• Interagency Working Group convened by White House
  (NSC, OMB, OSTP) after commercial replacement
  deemed not practical
• Members of LDCM Working Group
• NASA
• NOAA
• USGS
• NGA
• NRO
• Process 6-8 months, examined over one hundred
  alternatives (e.g., flights of opportunity,
  dedicated mission) to meet the land imaging
  requirement
• Final decision is consensus of White House and
  agencies

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Landsat Data Continuity Strategy
Memorandum from EOP/OSTP issued August 13, 2004,
states that

• Landsat is a National Asset
• The DoD, Department of the Interior, Department
  of Commerce and NASA agree to
• Transition Landsat measurements to an operational
  environment on the National Polar-orbiting
  Operational Environmental Satellite System
  (NPOESS)
• Plan to incorporate a Landsat imager (Operational
  Land Imager OLI) on the first NPOESS (known as
  C-1) scheduled for a late 2009 launch date
• This strategy will be justified through the
  normal budget process

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OLI/NPOESS Mission Advantages

• Transition of Landsat into a truly operational
  measurement
• Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020
• Leverage of proposed NPOESS infrastructure
• Benefits derived from combining data from OLI
  with Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite
  (VIIRS)
• Large scale processes of change detected by VIIRS
  can be more closely analyzed by OLI
• OLI data can be used to better calibrate VIIRS
  and validate Environmental Data Records (EDRs)
  derived from VIIRS data conversely VIIRS spectral
  bands can be used to atmospherically correct OLI
  data
• Terra (MODIS sensor) and Landsat 7 results have
  already demonstrated the potential of combining
  data

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NOAA/NASA/DoD Tri-agency Effort to Leverage and
Combine Environmental Satellite Activities

• Mission
• Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting
  remote-sensing capability
• Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings
  by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programs
• Incorporate new technologies from NASA
• Encourage International Cooperation

1730
1330
2130
Local Equatorial Crossing Time
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Landsat on NPOESS Notional Location
Nadir
Operational Land Imager (OLI)
Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)
Direction of
Motion
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NPOESS Orbit Is Reasonable Fit for Landsat Mission
Parameter Landsat NPOESS
Orbital Altitude 705 km (438 miles) 828 km (517 miles)
Type Sun synchronous, 980 inclination Sun synchronous, 980 inclination
Equatorial crossing time 10 am /- 15 min, descending 930 am /- 10 min, descending (2130 ascending)
Repeating Ground Track period 16 days 17 days
Landsat Worldwide Reference System 57,784 standard scene blocks, each 115 miles (183 km) wide by 106 miles (170 km) long, each taken at least 2x per year NPOESS can meet this requirement via synthesis of scenes Non-standard scene blocks can be collected since sensor is always on
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OLI on NPOESS Space Segment

• NASA and NOAA/Integrated Program Office (IPO)
  technical team working together to address
  detailed technical requirements, specifically to
• Support OLI Request for Proposal (RFP)
• Finalize location on NPOESS spacecraft
• Conduct trade analyses for interface
• Refine definition of spacecraft bus and
  operations modifications
• Define testing approach
• Develop Interface Control and Requirements
  Documents

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OLI/NPOESS Concept of Operations
NPOESS SafetyNet Architecture

• Landsat data are stored in a separate solid state
  recorder
• NPOESS and OLI data downlinked to the SafetyNetTM
  sites on every pass
• Recorder has capability to store up to 250 scenes
  
• System capability is 400 scenes per day
• USGS to command OLI for acquisitions
• OLI data will be forwarded to the USGS over
  commercial fiber cable from SafetyNet sites
• Users pick up data directly from USGS or USGS can
  push data to local users

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Landsat in the Presidents 2006 Budget

• Successful transition of Landsat (OLI) onto the
  NPOESS platform requires adequate funding of
  partner-agency responsibilities
• USGS to develop OLI data processing system,
  command OLI
• NASA to develop two OLI instruments
• NOAA/IPO to perform OLI integration on NPOESS,
  transmit OLI data to USGS
• The budget also requests funds for USGS to
  address revenue losses resulting from the failure
  of the Landsat 7 scan-line corrector in ETM
  instrument
• Details of individual funding requests are
  presented in each agencys Congressional
  Justification
• Not providing this funding or sustaining other
  reductions to the NPOESS program will increase
  the duration of a data gap and may threaten the
  viability of the Landsat partnership.

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Summary

• Implementation of the Operational Landsat Imager
  allows
• Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020
• Transition of Landsat into a truly operational
  measurement
• OLI and VIIRS to provide mutually enhancing
  observations
• NASA and NOAA/IPO teams working detailed
  technical requirements for implementing OLI on an
  NPOESS spacecraft
• NASA, USGS as well as other representatives from
  the Landsat community working to identify an
  approach to lessen the potential impact of a
  Landsat data gap

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BACK UP
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Gap Filler Mission Option Decision

• Gap Filler Mission deemed too high risk based
  upon cost and schedule analysis
• Proposed Plan Implement a Gap Filler mission
  that will fly in a 705 WRS-2 orbit
• Does not address long term transition of Landsat
  to an operational measurement
• Option needed to procure a Landsat instrument for
  delayed implementation on NPOESS (target NPOESS
  C-4 in the 2014 timeframe)
• Cost and schedule benefit analysis resulted in
  low return for investment
• Cost
• Additional funds required to procure instrument
  for a delayed implementation on NPOESS
• Schedule
• Provides only one year of operational capability
  before NPOESS solution

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Atmospheric Vertical Temperature ProfileHighly
accurate measurement of the vertical distribution
of temperature in the atmosphere in layers from
the surface to 0.01 mb
Integrated Operational Requirements Document
(IORD) Example

• Major Applications
• Initialization of Numerical Weather Prediction
  Models
• Complementary data for derivation of
  moisture/pressure profiles and cloud properties

Iterative, Disciplined Requirements Process
Ensures Users Needs are Met
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Pre-Planned Product Improvement (P3I) EDR
Candidates
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NPOESS Operational Concept
2. Downlink Raw Data
1. Sense Phenomena
3. Transport Data to Centrals for Processing
Field Terminals
Global fiber network connects 15 receptors to
Centrals
SafetyNetReceptors
4. Process Raw data into EDRs and Deliver to
Centrals
Monitor and Control Satellites and Ground Elements
AFWA
NESDIS/NCEP
MMC (Suitland)
FNMOC
Schriever MMC
NAVO
Full Capability at each Central
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NPOESS Top Level Architecture
GPS
SpaceSegment
NPP(1030)
NPOESS1330
NPOESS1730
NPOESS2130
Low Rate Data/High Rate Data(LRD/HRD)
Command ControlSegment
NPP Science Data Segment
Field Terminal Segment
Svalbard
CLASS
15 Globally DistributedReceptor Sites
FNMOC
NAVOCEANO
AFWA
NESDIS/NCEP
Mission ManagementCenter (MMC)at Suitland
Alternate MMCat Schriever AFB
Interface Data Processing Segment
NPP Data Control Flow
NPOESS Data Control Flow
NOAA Comprehensive Large Array Data Stewardship
System
EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls
CLASS
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NPOESS Satellite and Sensors
1330 1730 2130 VIIRS X X X CMIS X X
X CrIS X X ATMS X X SESS X X
X OMPS X ADCS X X SARSAT X X X ERBS X SS X X
X ALT X TSIS X APS X
NPP
X
X
X
X
Landsat
X
X changed since award
Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor
Locations and ring Data Bus Allows Rapid
Reconfiguration and Easy Integration
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SafetyNet Low Data Latency and High Data
Availability
Spain
75 of NPOESS Data Products at the Nations
Weather Centrals within 15 min........the rest
in under 30 min
Forteleza
Perth
SafetyNet -- 15 globally distributed SMD
receptors linked to the centrals via commercial
fiber -- enables low data latency and high data
availability
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Program Schedule

• 2002 AO Contract Award
• 2003 NPP Delta Critical Design Review
• 2005 NPOESS ?Preliminary Design Review
• 2006 NPOESS Critical Design Review
• NPP Ground Readiness
• 2007 NPP Launch
• 2009 NPOESS Ground Readiness
• 2009 NPOESS C1 Launch
• 2011 NPOESS C2 Launch
• Field Terminal Segment Readiness
• Initial Operational Capability
• 2013 NPOESS C3 Launch

Reliable and timely collection, delivery, and
processing of quality environmental data