Next Generation Networks

1
Next Generation Networks

21 March 2000
By
Dr. Michael L. Gentry Senior Technical
Director/Chief Engineer U.S. Army Signal Command
2
Basis for Presentation Contents
Executive briefing conferences with following
corporations (a) Cisco Systems (8/98, 1/99,
9/99) (b) Nortel Bay Networks (8/98, 2/99,
6/99) (c) Telcordia (Bellcore Labs) (5/98,
5/99) (d) Foundry Networks (1/99, 10/99) (e)
Extreme Networks (10/99) (f) Hewlett-Packard
Corporation (10/99) (g) Lucent (Bell Labs)
(6/99) (h) Avici, Inc. (6/99) (i) Xylan,
Inc. (1/99) (j) International Data Corporation
(3/99) (k) Sun Microsystems (8/98, 1/99,
11/99) (l) Boeing (10/98) (m) MCI-Worldcom
(2/99) (n) ATT (3/99) (o) Oracle (11/99) (p)
Alcatel (11/99) Plus independent research,
reading, and study
3
The IP Revolution - Networks in Transition
Data traffic
(300-1000/year growth)
Old World Circuits Monopolies Data special
service
Volume
Voice traffic
(5/year growth)
Strings
Modems Private lines Tethered Internet connections
New World Packets Markets Voice special
service Clouds Dedicated access Virtual private
networks Untethered internet connections
Time
Today
Reference Nick Lippis ZD Studios
4
The Networking Holy Grail Converged Voice,
Video, and Data Network
1. 1980s Solution ISDN 2. 1990s Solution
ATM 3. 2000s Solution everything over IP, IP
over everything
5
General Description of C4ISR Requirements
?
Server
?
?
Server
Converged multi-media network infrastructure
Client
Client
?
?
?
Any authorized user may securely access any
service from any location at any time.
6
DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND TRENDS IMPACTING THE
INDUSTRY
1. Semiconductor technology and Moores Law
fueling price/performance improvements. -
Packet switching now is the microprocessor of
networking and replacing circuit switching
- Voice and video become packetized data also
- Systems on a chip network elements -
Existing PSTN is NOT designed for data traffic
(IP packets) - IP Networks have cost
advantage - IP transcends traditional
networking boundaries--
data ? telephony
carrier ? enterprise

Frame Switch
ATM Switch
BPS/
S/W Router
Circuit Switch
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Why Circuit Switching is Doomed by Peter J.
Sevcik BCR, Vol.. 27, No. 9, September 1997
7
Disruptive Technologies and Trends Impacting the
Industry
2. Optical Transmission Breakthrough Technology
WDM
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
OC- 192, 32?
System Capacity (GBPS)
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
OC-48,96?
The WDM Era
OC-192,16?
The SONET Era
OC-48,40?
OC-192,4?
135 MB/s
565 MB/s
1.7 GB/s
OC-48
OC-192.2?

• Capacity of single fiber doubles every 12 (or
  fewer) months
• More?s AND more BPS/ ? in fiber
• Today, 6.4 terabit/second in a single fiber.
• New carriers built on DWDM and IP technologies
• DWDM and IP WIN!

Reference Nick Lippis, Doug Crawford, Joe
Inzerillo Z Studios
8
Disruptive Technologies and Trends Impacting the
Industry

• 3. Wireless Capacity doubling every nine months
  in given air volume
• Intelligent antennas, advanced signal
  processing and receivers
• Wireless loops become preferred choice for
  network access
• Narrowband access in developing countries
• Broadband access in developed countries
• Driven by higher capacity, lower costs, low
  labor and initial costs
• RESULT Networks by 2005 with 100X to 250X
  capacity of todays networks with same
• cost.

9
Disruptive Technologies and Trends Impacting the
Industry
4. The web and Netscape navigator have changed
everything.
Data traffic

• 80/20 is now 2/98
• IP is the only data protocol that matters
  anymore
• E-commerce is imperative for successful
  enterprise
• Innovation is centered around IP gt new
  applications/content
• One prediction By 2003, Internet traffic will
  consume over 90 of the worlds bandwidth
• The client web browser and the server web
  site

Data (300 ? 1000/year)
Voice (5/year)
Traffic Volume
Reference Nick Lippis ZD Studios
10
Disruptive Technologies and Trends Impacting the
Industry
5. GbE switching routers (layer 3/4 switches)
change campus network design-- - Routing went
ASIC - BFRs do 100 MPPS vice max 1 MPPS in
1997 - Price of 100 BT router port dropped from
10K to 300 - Ethernet got GbE QOS _at_ L4
Trunking RESULT GbE/IP switches outsell ATM
by more than 21 NOW.
Backbone Campus/LAN solution GbE and L3/4
switches
11
Disruptive Technologies and Trends Impacting the
Industry
6. Drive for converged (voice, data, and video)
networks that are IP-centric - Converged network
eliminates operational overhead of dual
networks-- - more competitive in deregulated
marketplace - Packet networks fill the blanks
and thus carry 3x traffic in same bandwidth of
circuit-switched network--better B/W usage! -
Lower cost for packet network components -
Packets route themselves ? no costly point to
point redundancy (clouds vs. strings) -
Industry focus and momentum now behind IP and
convergence
12
Convergence
13
IP Centric
...
Layer 6/7 Applications
...
Layer 5 Session
X
FTP
SNMP
SMTP
NFS
DNS
TFTP
NTP
Telnet
Windows
BGP
RIP
Layer 4 Transport
IGP
TCP
UDP
IGMP
ICMP
EGP
Layer 3 Network
IP
Layer 2 1 Data Link
Ethernet
802.5
802.4
802.3
X.25
SLIP
802.6
Frame
Physical
SMDS
Relay
IPX
ATM
Arcnet
PPP
Appletalk
14
The GbE Picture--Campus/LAN
GbE/IP Switching dominates campus/LAN
today-- Simplified Comparison
Gigabit Ether/IP Switching
ATM Switching
1 GBPS


GbE/ IP Switch
GbE/ IP Switch
OC-48
1 GBPS

?

?


1 GBPS


2.4 GBPS
Cost 168K Actual throughput 1.44
Cost 12K Throughput 3 GBPS
2.16 GBPS
(1.9 GBPS typical)
RESULT Paradigm shift in past 15 months!
Game over Ethernet wins.
15
The Fort Carson GbE/IP Design 2.0M
DMZ
155 Mb/S
ADRP Router
ADRP TS
Dial Up
Security Router
IDS
C2P
100 Mb/s
NIPR NET
PSAZ
Firewall
WEB CACHE
IDS
POST ATM SERVICE
WEB CACHE
100BT
100BT
L3 Cache
1 GB/S
1 GB/S
DATMS
L3
Main Communications Node (MCN)
MCN A
MCN B
1000 Mb/s
1000 Mb/s
SM Fiber
Area Distribution Node (ADN)
L2/L3
ADN -1
ADN - 3
ADN-3
ADN-4
ADN-5
ADN-n
ADN - 2
1000 Mb/s
SM Fiber
End User Building (EUB)
Gigabit L2/L3 Edge Devices
1000 Mb/s
100 Mb/s
1000 Mb/s
WS
Hub
WS
WS
WS
WS
Gbit SRVR
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
Gbit WS
Gbit WS
Switched 10 Mb/s, 100 Mb/s, and 1000 Mb/s
16
The Fort Carson ATM Design 3.8M? 25M
DMZ
155 Mb/S
ADRP Router
ADRP TS
Dial Up
Security Router
IDS
C2P
100 Mb/s
NIPR NET
PSAZ
Firewall
WEB CACHE
Native ATM Service
IDS
WEB CACHE
100BT
L3 Cache
100BT
Lane Server
ATM Router
ATM SW
ATM SW
Main Communications Node (MCN)
622 Mb/s
MCN-A
MCN-B
622 Mb/s
Area Distribution Node (ADN)
SM Fiber
ATM Switches
ADN-1
ADN-2
ADN-3
ADN-4
ADN-5
ADN-6
ADN-n
R
R
LS
LS
LS
R
R
R
LS
LS
R
R
LS
LS
End User Building (EUB)
155 Mb/s
SM Fiber
ATM Edge Devices
155 Mb/s
155 Mb/s
IP - 1, IP - 2, IP -3, IP - n
WS
Hub
WS
WS
WS
WS
ATM SRVR
WS
WS
ATM WS
IP - 1, IP - 2
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
WS
ATM WS
WS
WS
WS
Switched 10 Mb/s and 155 Mb/s - 50 Users/Segment
17
TIC Testing

• October 98 - Present
• Clearly Demonstrated Ease of Installation, Set Up
  and Use - User Friendly
• Showed Gigabit Ethernet Superior to ATM in IP
  Multicast
• Trouble Shooting Easier
• Protocols Less Complex - Points to Easier
  Interoperability
• Applications Run Better-Higher Throughput

18
Fort Polk

• Cut Over ATM Network (889K)- 200 Buildings to
  Gigabit Ethernet (339K) in 1 1/2 days. (July 99)
• No Network Outages to Date
• DOIM Reports Much Easier to Manage, Upgrade
  Troubleshoot, and Operate
• Alleviated Previous ATM Bandwidth Bottlenecks
• Reporting Much Improved Network Response Times

19
Fort Carson

• Emulated in Lab at TIC- Just Completed16 Gigabit
  Ethernet Switches/10,000 Users Running 5
  Applications Simultaneously
• Security Solution-Post Security Access Zone
  (PSAZ)
• Network and Host-based IDS
• Firewalls-Proxy and Stateful Inspection
• Access Control Lists-Internal to Network
• Web Cache
• Foundry Networks Single Vendor Solution
• Additional Proof of Concept TestsVideo Server
  VOIP Pilot
• Complete Summer 00

20
Worldwide LAN Forecast Ports (DellOro Group
7/99)
21
The Wide Area Network (WAN) Issue
22
What does bandwidth really mean?
LAN
WAN
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
28.8 or 56KB Modem Dial In
50 user performance from HUB
.
ISDN or FRAME RELAY 56KBs to 256KBS
Single user performance from a 10MB switch
Single user/performance performance from a 100MB
switch
T1 1.544MBs
DS-3 45MBs
ATM performance OC-3 155MB
GigaBIT Ethernet 1GBs
ATM performance OC-3 155MB
ATM performance OC-12 622MB
23
The Future is Bright for GigaBIT Ethernet
Approximate Cost 6,000 per connection
FIBER Copper will be CHEAPER! 60 cents a MegaBIT
for FIBER
10 GigaBIT Ethernet -Is Now Working in
laboratory
24
Gig-E / POS / ATM Per Port - Cost Comparison
HOST CONNECTION TECHNOLOGY
per Mb GiG-E
1000BaseT (Cat5)

0.70 Gig-E 1000BaseSX (MM)

2.15 POS OC-12 (MM)

36.17 ATM OC-12 (MM)

8.04 LAN CONNECTION
TECHNOLOGY
per Mb GiG-E 1000BaseLX (SM)

2.68 POS OC-12 (SM)

42.60 ATM
OC-12 (SM)
17.68
25
Transport Network Layer Alternatives (5/98)
Applications
Data, Voice, Video..
IP
SONET
Fiber
Copper
26
The WAN Club Sandwich
Todays Picture
IP
IP
or
ATM

• POS more efficient than IP or ATM. Reduced
  equipment, OM, costs,...

SONET
SONET
WDM
WDM
Most WAN Carriers
Internet Service Providers
27
The MPLS Question?

• Multi-protocol label switching MPLS
• IETF Standard, but not mature, proven, nor
  complete
• Would replace ATM protocol for traffic
  engineering on IP flows
• Some carriers want IP
• 
  MPLS
• 
  WDM
• Others looking at IP
• MPLS
• SONET
• WDM
• Bridge between ATM and LSRs?
• One major player says IP on glass w/SONET
  frame (no gear) near term

28
GBE - The Surprise Contender

• May 1999 IEEE 10 GbE standards committee start
• WAN carriers attending
• Will 10 GbE 9.58464 GBPS (OC-/192)?
• GbE equipment runs 1/5 (or less) costs of
  ATM/SONET
• Most IP traffic Ethernet today
• Ethernet (802.1pq) has QOS marking
• No industry agreement on linkage of DIFFSERV,
  802.1p, ATM QOS
• Is GbE the asteroid which will kill the dinosaur
  ATM?

29
The IP Protocol Stack Evolution
IP
What happens to the club sandwich?
GbE
?
IP
IP
DWDM
PPP
ATM
IP
SONET
?
DWDM
SONET
IP
DWDM
MPLS
?
WDM
SONET LITE
DWDM
Circa 1999
Circa 1995
Circa 2001
30
Next Generation Networks - Key Attributes

• IP-Centric. IP is the convergence layer for
  applications--not ATM
• WAN core will be
• (a) Shared, or converged with
  voice/data/video
• (b) Packet-based
• (c) Optical add/drop, transport,
  multiplexing and switching
• Multiple access mechanisms--wired and wireless,
  xDSL, cable, modem,...
• New Style Network Management
• - Directory enabled or policy-based networking
• - Uses active directories and policy managers
• - New standards DEN, COPS, .

31
The IP Revolution - More Impacts

• Client-server model became browser-web site
  solution
• Only data protocol that matters is IP
• VOIP moving fast because cheap, efficient,
  integrated functionality
• Applications converging on IP--IP centric world
• Multi-cast great for video in IP network

32
Why ATM Will die

• 1, Desktop Ethernet 10/100 BT owns the
  desktop. ATM wont get there.
• 2. Addressing IP addressing is defacto
  standard for W/W data addressing.
• Data applications use IP, not ATM, addresses.
• So, in IP network, applications and network
  address are same. Simple.
• ATM addressing based on OSI, which is dead.
• In ATM application uses IP addresses--network
  uses ATM address, result
• Address resolution necessary (MPOA, NHRP,
  CLIP)
• Complexity ??more costs and management difficulty
• 3. Connection vs. Connectionless IP Ethernet
  connectionless protocols. ATM connection
  oriented.
• Result IP/Ethernet Easy IP/Ether over ATM
  Complex
• 4. Layer 3/4 switching makes Routing wire-speed
  today
• 5. QOS
• 6. Scaling
• 7. Systems administration and implementation
  simpler and faster with Ethernet
• 8. Cell tax--wastes two OC-3s on an OC-48 link
• 9. Costs--campus/WAN
• 10. SAR stops at OC-12 speeds
• 11. Frames (variable length) beat cells (fixed
  size)

33
CONCLUSIONS
1. Convergence is occurring to Next Generation
Networks which are IP-centric. 2. Shared,
packet-based, optical core emerging. 3. B/W
will become free and infinite over time. 4.
Ubiquitous connectivity. 5. Network will be the
computer. 6. New policy-based network
management style emerging. 7. GbE/layer 3/4
switches preferred on campus/LAN/installation. 8.
If you have a F.O. link, then B/W is now as
large as needed.
34
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Installation preferred solution is Ethernet
with GbE/IP switch backbone 2. Given WAN flux
and uncertainty, leasing service looks wiser than
owning ATM/SONET gear. 3. Develop transition
plan to move applications to IP base with web
browser client solution. 4. Re-engineer
business processes around web-based solution 5.
Push battlefield towards faster pipes--wired and
wireless. 6. Track DEN, COPS, and policy-based
networking and introduce when technically and
economically feasible.
35
Whats the Message?
Convergence onto a multimedia, IP-Centric
integrated network is beginning within the IT and
telecommunications industry. This represents a
total, seamless, IT solution for DOD C4ISR needs
which provides interoperability, B/W on demand,
lower costs, and integrated functionality never
before possible. Points of Contact Dr. Michael
L. Gentry, TEL [phone], Email
afscstd_at_hqasc.army.mil Mr. Michael Bomba, TEL
[phone], Email bombam_at_hqasc.army.mil Mr.
Dan Bradford, TEL [phone], Email
BradfordD_at_HQISEC.ARMY.MIL