Radiation Safety

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Radiation Safety Start Up Training Innov-X
Systems Ken SmithNational Sales Manager
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Radiation Safety Innov-X SystemsX-Ray
Fluorescence

• Bill Caughie Regional Sales Mgr.
• Office 412-916-9286
• Fax [phone]

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Call Innov-X Systems !!!
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Training Objective

• SAFETY!
• Understand Radiation!
• Understand Regulations
• Understand Instrumentation

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Electromagnetic Radiation
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Radiation Overview

• Radiation - form of energy (particles/waves)
• Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum -EMR
• Radio frequency
• Microwave
• Infra-red
• Visible Light
• Ultraviolet - UV
• X-Ray
• Gamma Radiation

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Types of Radiation

• Radiation - Form of Energy
• Ionizing gt10eV
• Cause ionization of atoms
• Eject electrons atoms - Make charged atoms
• non - Ionizing
• Does NOT Cause ionization

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Ionizing Radiation

• Particles (FAST!)
• alpha particles (2 neutrons 2 protons)
• beta particles (electrons)
• neutrons
• Waves (High Energy Light!)
• X - Rays
• Gamma Rays

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Radiation Types
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X-Ray Production
Vacuum Tube
Vacuum Tube
Cathode - Electrons
Anode - Target (W) (Ag)
Wire Filament
Filter
Power
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Penetration of Ionizing Radiation
GAMMA X-RAY
BETA
ALPHA
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Radiation Safety

• RAD Radiation Absorbed Dose
• REM Roentgen Equivalent Man
• REM RAD X Factor
• (Factors X-ray1, Alpha20)

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Roentgen Equivalent Man?? Now thats a mouthful!
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Its Everywhere!
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Biological Effects of Radiation

• Most Sensitive - Rapidly dividing cells
• Bone Marrow
• Lining of digestive tract
• Some skin cells
• Least Sensitive
• Bone
• Muscle
• Nerves

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Standards Guidelines

• Maximum Permissible Limits (MPLs)
• National Council on Radiation Protection
• International Commission on Radiological
  Protection
• ALARA
• Radiation Doses
• 5 rems per year (whole body)
• 50 rems (extremity or individual organ)
• 0.5 rems during pregnancy

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Exposure Calculations

• lt0.1 mREM/hr.
• X 25 hr/day
• 2.5 mREM/day
• X 400 days/year
• 1,000 mREM/year
• or 1 REM/year
• 2 of reportable exposure

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Safety Factors

• Time, Distance, Shielding
• Time - Limit Exposure Dose
• Distance - Maintain Safe Distance
• Inverse square law
• Shielding - High Density Materials

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Radiation Safety Summary

• Radiation Overview
• Types of Radiation
• Biological Effects of Radiation
• Standards and Guidelines
• Monitoring Instruments
• Safety Factors (Time, Distance, Shielding)
• Control Programs

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XRF Work Practices
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A few words about Radiation Safety

• The Innov-X analyzers does produce radiation and
  the user should be aware of this
• Radiation exposure is negligible with proper use
  and small with occasional incorrect use

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A few more words about radiation safety

• Practice ALARA. All radiation exposure should
  be As Low As Reasonably Achievable
• This means
• Do not put fingers, or any other body part in
  front of the analyzer window.
• Verify that no one else stands within 3 paces of
  the analyzer window when instrument is on.
• Correct operation of instrument involves leaving
  one hand on handle, and making sure the other
  hand is away from the window.

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Safety Factors

• Time, Distance, Shielding
• Time - Limit Exposure Dose
• Distance - Maintain Safe Distance
• Inverse square law
• Shielding - High Density Materials

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Standards Guidelines

• Maximum Permissible Limits (MPLs)
• National Council on Radiation Protection
• International Commission on Radiological
  Protection
• ALARA
• Radiation Doses
• 5 rems per year (whole body)
• 50 rems (extremity or individual organ)
• 0.5 rems during pregnancy

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Typical Radiation Exposures

• Airline Attendant 1,000 mR/yr
• Nuclear Power Worker 700 mR/yr
• Grand Central Station 120 mR/yr
• Medical Personnel 70 mR/yr
• Lead Inspector 20 mR/yr
• University Researcher lt10 mR/yr
• Chest X-ray 100 mR/each

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Exposure Calculations_at_ Trigger

• lt0.1 mREM/hr.
• X 25 hr/day
• 2.5 mREM/day
• X 400 days/year
• 1,000 mREM/year
• or 1 REM/year
• 2 of reportable exposure

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Misuse Example 1

• Dose to fingers and/or hand in this example is a
  maximum of 28,000 mrem/hour.
• Over exposure occurs in 2 hours of window
  exposure at the hand.

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Misuse Example 2

• Dose at exit of sampling window is approximately
  28,000 mrem/hr. A 10 second exposure in contact
  with Torso 77.8 mrem
• Repeat misuse 64 times/year exceeds 5,000 mrem
  limit.

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Safety Features

• Deadman Trigger
• Software trigger lock
• Software proximity sensor
• Test Stand

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Deadman Trigger

• Trigger must be held for duration of test.
• Releasing the trigger ends test
• This ensure that users intentionally start each
  test
• Prevents user from walking away and leaving
  instrument on
• If user picks up analyzer and inadvertently pulls
  trigger, test will end as soon as trigger is
  released

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Deadman Trigger

• This feature may be disabled upon customer
  request AFTER complete radiation safety training
• It is recommended that this feature is only
  disabled for companies where only one or two
  users use the analyzer in a controlled setting
• Deactivation is NOT recommended in situations
  where instrument is shared by many users or in
  spaces occupied by large numbers of people.

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Trigger Lock

• User must release software trigger lock before
  testing
• Once released, trigger lock remains disabled
  until 5 minutes elapse after the end of a test

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Software Trigger Lock
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Software Proximity Sensor

• Instrument will shut off after 1-2 seconds if
  sample is not present.
• Analyzer checks count rate, if count rate is not
  significantly above air rate, x-rays shut off

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Test Stand Option

• Allows for Hands-Free Operation of instrument
• Ideal for turnings and other small parts, Soil
  Samples, etc.

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Use Common Sense!

• Remember, when energized, X-rays come out of the
  front of the analyzer and act accordingly.
• Prevent exposure to front of analyzer when
  instrument is on
• Pay attention to all warning lights on instrument

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Basic Instrument Operation

• Innov-X Analyzers

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Hardware and Accessories

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Trigger and Trigger Lock

• Tests can be started and stopped via either the
  trigger or the iPAQ.
• Trigger lock should be put on immediately after
  pulling trigger to prevent inadvertent start of
  test.

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Batteries

• Charge Batteries completely before use.
• Only use Innov-X approved charger
• Insert batteries in base of unit - Battery is
  keyed to fix in correct position

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iPAQ Power Considerations

• iPAQ is powered by analyzer main battery.
• iPAQs internal processes consume power, even
  when not in use.
• A fully charge iPAQ can loose power sitting on a
  shelf for several weeks leave iPAQ plugged in
  when not in use.
• If iPAQ battery is completely drained, it will
  not be possible to use iPAQ in analyzer until
  iPAQ is charged and date is set
• Any programs added to the main memory will be
  deleted, but Innov-X program and data are fine.

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Storage Card

• All Innov-X Data and Programs are stored in
  storage card. They will not be erased even if
  iPAQ battery
• For proper operation, iPAQ must storage card
  firmly pushed into the card slot

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Placing iPAQ in Analyzer

• iPAQ must be seated properly to communicate
• Be careful with the connector!
• Slide iPAQ forward (towards snout) before
  lifting. Do not angle iPAQ upwards until it is
  clear of connector

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Instrument Start-up

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Power on instrument

• Main Power on rear of analyzer below LCD display
• Momentary on switch
• Must hold for 3 seconds to turn off
• iPAQ has separate on/off switch

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Start Software

•  Select Start from upper right hand corner of
  iPAQ screen.
• Select the Innov-X Systems Software from the drop
  down menu.

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Radiation Notice

• Read Notice and click start

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Select Mode

• Select mode by clicking on name

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Initialization

• Analyzer electronics warm up
• Detector is cooled to proper temperature
• Takes 2 minutes

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Tap to Standardize

• Instrument requires standardization before
  measurements can be started
• Place standardization mask on front of analyzer
• Tap to Standardize

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Standardization

• Standardization checks 316 standard
• Checks detector resolution and peak position
• Needs to be done when instrument is powered on or
  after 4 hours of use

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Standardization finished

• Instrument displays result of standardization

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Standardization Failures

• Make sure battery is completely charged
• Reset iPAQ
• Turn instrument on and off, remove battery, make
  sure it is seated correctly

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Ready to Test

• Tap Start or pull trigger to begin test

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Test info

• Click INFO
• Enter data
• Data is stored until changed or erased

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Test in progress

• Screen displays elapsed time and Test in
  Progress
• LED on front of analyzer blinks indicating
  radiation is being emitted
• If view-live updates is on, results will be
  displayed after minimum time has elapsed

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Results Display

• Results displayedresults in .
• Error displayed is 1-sigma
• Press start or pull trigger to start another test

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Results Options

• View menu can change the way results appear on
  the screen
• Results shows only grade ID
• Chemistry shows all data
• Test info shows stored test info

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Software Menus

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Match Numbers

• When determining Grade/Fingerprint Matches,
  software calculates a Match Number
• This unit-less number is an indication of how
  good a match is.
• The lower the number, the better
• Typical cutoffs
• 3 Analytical

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Software overview

• Three screens
• MainSelect program, change password
• AnalyticalSet analysis parameters
• Resultsview all results

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Searching Libraries

• Analyzer only searches selected library
• Make sure library being searched contains grades
  of interest

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Check the screen

• Match number and selected libraries are shown on
  screen
• Analytical 3
• Most general search includes all libraries

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Menu Options

• File MenuStandardize Select Libraries
• Edit MenuEdit Library entries

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Menu Options

• ViewOpen results screen. Turn on/off live
  screen updates
• OptionsSet testing and Match numbers. Exact
  match in Analytical

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Editing Libraries

• Password protected function
• Modify standard library with care

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Troubleshooting

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When in doubt, reset!

• Like all computers, iPAQs can occasionally lock
  up or get confused
• Two possible resets. Use soft reset.
• Hard reset is only used in extreme circumstances,
  usually when soft reset doesnt work.

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Exit Software!!

• Software has three layers of menus (Main,
  Analysis, and results). Must close Main to exit
  software.
• Use File-Exit to close

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Make sure iPAQ is correctly seated

• iPAQ must be firmly seated in analyzer. Must be
  attached to connector.
• iPAQ and storage card must be firmly pressed into
  the socket.

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Verify settings

• If instrument is not matching, verify
• Correct Library is being searched
• Match number is set correctly
• 3 Analytical
• Exact Match is off in Analytical