The Brain

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The Brain
about 100 billion multipolar neurons
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• Divided into 4 major sections
• Brain stem
• Cerebellum
• Diencephalon
• Cerebrum

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Protective covering
meninges
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Blood-brain barrier
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• Cerebrospinal fluid provides protection,
  maintains proper ion concentration for the CNS,
  and provides a pathway to the blood for waste

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Brain Stem

• Connects cerebrum and diencephalon to the spinal
  cord
• Midbrain- reflexes
• Pons- breathing
• Medulla oblongata- heart rate, breathing, blood
  pressure
• Reticular formation- arousal (comatose state)

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Cerebellum

• Anterior and posterior lobes
• Coordination of desired movements
• Regulates posture and balance
• Cognitive and language processing

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Diencephalon

• Located between cerebral hemispheres and above
  the midbrain
• Contains
• Thalmus- relay station for sensory impulses
• Hypothalmus- maintains homeostasis by regulating
• Heart rate
• Temperature
• Water/ electrolyte balance
• Hunger
• Glandular secretions
• Sleep

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• - Epithalamus- superior and posterior to
• thalamus
• Contains pineal gland- secretes
• hormone melatonin (endocrine)

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Diencephalon
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• The Basal Ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen,
  globus pallidus) act as a relay station for motor
  impulses travelling from the cerebral cortex to
  the spinal cord

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• The cerebral cortex interconnects with the
  basal ganglia, the thalmus and the
  hypothalmus to form the Limbic System
• Controls emotional experience and expression

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Cerebrum

• Divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres
  by the corpus callosum
• Convolutions- ridges of the brain
  (gyri)
• Sulcus- shallow groove
• Fissure- deep groove

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Lobes of the cerebrum(higher brain function)

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Insula

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• Covered in a thin layer of gray matter called the
  Cerebral Cortex
• Motor area (mostly frontal)
• Sensory area (mostly parietal)
• Association areas (throughout cerebrum)
• Frontal- concentration, problem solving, planning
• Parietal- compose speech, touch sensation
• Temporal understand speech, reading, music
• Occipital- analyzing visual patterns

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frog
bird
cat
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Cranial nerves
I - Olfactory II - Optic III - Oculomotor IV -
Trochlear V - Trigeminal VI - Abducens VII -
Facial VIII - Auditory IX - Glossopharyngeal X
- Vagus XI - Accessory XII - Hypoglassal