METROPOLITAN PERSPECTIVE: INTRODUCTION

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METROPOLITAN PERSPECTIVEINTRODUCTION

• Jacobs Neighbourhood analysis
• Metro perspective Growth and development of the
  whole city
• Advantages

• Look at neighbourhood ills caused outside the
  neighbourhood
• Address basic questions of urban politics

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TERMS
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METROPOLITAN AREA

• Inner city suburbs exurban areas
• COMMUTERSHED

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MORE TERMS

• Mixed uses primary uses or secondary diversity
• Density

• Persons per hectare
• Persons per square kilometre
• Ratio of floor space to lot size (FAR)

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GROSS POPULATION PER HA.

• TORONTO
• 1970 57
• 1980 40
• 1986 35
• WINNIPEG
• 2001 13

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FLOOR AREA RATIOS (FARs)

• High-density downtown core Typical ratios

• 61
• 91
• 121

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TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
DENSITY RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL
LOW Single-family homes Shopping centres, strip malls
MEDIUM Duplexes, row houses Commercial streets with stores or offices in two- to four-storey buildings
HIGH High-rise towers, old-fashioned three- to six-storey walk-up apartment buildings Office towers, hotels, old-fashioned department stores of six storeys or more that cover a whole block, sidewalk to sidewalk.
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TWO MORE TERMS

• Sprawl Low-density, single-use development
• Leap-frog development Sprawl on steroids

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WHY DO DENSITY AND USE MIXTURES MATTER?

• Auto dependence
• Mixed uses and transit viability
• Density and transit viability

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REQUIRED DENSITIES FOR DIFFERENT TRANSIT TYPES
TRANSIT TYPE DENSITY
BUS A mixture of low and medium
LIGHT RAPID TRANSIT At least medium density at most stops
SUBWAY Preponderance of high density at most stops
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VICIOUS CYCLE OF TRANSIT DECLINE

• Decrease in number of riders
• More expense per bus
• Service cuts/fare increases
• More decreases in numbers of riders

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SOCIAL ISOLATION

• Elderly
• Young
• Disabled
• Low-income

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SUMMARY THE CONVENTIONAL PATTERN

• Suburbs
• Exurbs
• Downtown

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THE SUBURBS

• Mythology Self-reliance and individualism
• Reality

• Cities are collective entities
• Suburbs are paid for out of general revenues

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WHY WE CHOOSE SUBURBS

• Rural fundamentalism
• Love affair with the automobile
• Choice, or so it seems

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CORPORATE SUBURBS ORIGINS

• Large developers
• Mortgage guarantees, subsidies
• A planning regime
• Examples

• Use separation
• Minimum lot sizes
• Minimum pavement width
• Set-backs

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THE SUBURBS AND CONSUMERISM
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HOW CITIES DEVELOPA LARGE CORPORATION

• Buys land
• Controls servicing
• Contracts buildings
• Rents, leases commercial property
• Capturing profit at each stage

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HOW ITS DONE

• Design
• Building
• Commercial property
• Industrial property
• Profit

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WHATS WRONG WITH THAT?

• Not profit per se
• Creation of a political force
• This is how development is governed

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TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS - N. AMERICA

• Starts with developers land purchase
• Proceeds with developers proposal
• Negotiation with city planners
• Council approval
• Development plans first
• Transportation plans follow

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TYPICAL EUROPEAN PROCESS

• Transportation plan comes first
• Land use follows

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POLITICS OF AUTO DEPENDENCE

• Peaking of traffic
• Fixing the problem makes it worse
• Geographic patterns of political conflict
• Inefficient use of land, energy, building
  materials
• Suburbs good for kids?
• Parochialism
• Emptiness of streets
• Class and racial segregation

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THE METROPOLITAN EFFECT

• Overdevelopment or underdevelopment of the centre
• Decline or death of transit
• Decline of infrastructure

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INFRASTRUCTURE SPENDING NEEDED ACTUAL
(millions)
Type of infrastructure Needed Actual Deficit
Bridges and structures 19.7 13.7 6.0
Regional streets 25.0 14.8 10.2
Residential streets 30.0 2.5 27.5
Back lanes 5.0 1.8 3.2
Sidewalks 2.0 0.9 1.1
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WPG CAPITAL BUDGET THE GOOD NEWS

• Theres finally a recognition of the problem
• Federal and provincial governments are
  contributing to the solution

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PROBLEMS

• Financing by PPPs
• Sewer upgrades eat up the biggest part
• Relatively little for transit
• No real recognition of causes

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MAKING THE PROBLEM WORSE

• Financing exit from the city

• Kenaston Boulevard
• Wilkes Avenue
• Highway 90 north of Inkster
• Pembina Highway
• McPhillips

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MORE ON THE METROPOLITAN EFFECT

• Escalation of costs
• Tax revolt
• Edge cities

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EDGE CITIES

• Extension of the metropolitan area
• Full range of land uses
• Single-use
• Low-density
• Auto-dependent sprawl

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REVIEW

• Neighbourhood effect
• Metropolitan effect
• Effect on society as a whole
• Inner-city decay

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EFFECT ON SOCIETY AS A WHOLE

• Privatization of public space
• The suburban majority

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INNER-CITY DECAY

• The Bronx
• Drug wars
• Disease
• The case of Bedford-Stuyvesant
• Other cases Detroit, Baltimore

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WINNIPEG

• 1950s Lively downtown
• Declining commercial areas
• Housing decay
• Gangs
• Arson

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INTERRELATED CAUSES OF DOWNTOWN DECAY SUMMARY

• Suburban expansion
• Flight from inner city
• Concentration of poverty
• Need for road expansion
• Cuts up neighbourhoods

• Reduces their attractiveness
• Erosion of tax base
• Cuts in municipal services
• Neighbourhood decay
• Lawlessness
• Abandonment
• Fires

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POLICIES IN WINNIPEG

• WHHI
• http//ecommons.uwinnipeg.ca/ search Leo,
  August
• Neighbourhoods al!ve
• Centreventure
• Zoning code review
• Fix up the damage, but dont try to stop it
• So how do we stop it?

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