Environmental Regulation

1

Environmental Regulation Technology Innovation
Controlling Emissions from Aircraft

• Presented by,
• Arthur Marin
• Deputy Director
• Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use
  Management (NESCAUM)
• 2001 An Airspace Odyssey
• Airport Air Quality Symposium
• San Diego, CA
• March 1, 2001

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Overview

• Make the case that technology-forcing standards
  are needed for aircraft engines
• Using examples from other industry sectors to
  evaluate the prospects for development of new and
  cost-effective emission control technologies for
  aircraft engines

3
Hypothesis

• Significant additional reductions are achievable
  for the aviation sector with appropriate forward
  looking engine standards
• Reductions will accrue at far lower cost than
  suggested by initial predictions

4
Challenge

• The concerns issues facing the aviation sector
  mirror those of other industries faced with
  emission reduction demands
• - sectors relative contribution to air
  pollution problems
• - untested/unknown technological options
• - unknown costs
• - timing concerns and constraints

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Significance of Aircraft Emissions

• Only large sector with projected growth in NOx
  emissions over next several decades
• Technology-forcing engine standards will be
  needed just to reduce the rate of the projected
  growth in aircraft NOx emissions

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Relative Contribution of Aircraft

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National Aircraft NOx Inventory

tons/yr
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NESCAUM Report Environmental Regulation
Technology Innovation

• Evaluated historical development of control
  technologies to better understand the keys to
  establishing and implementing cost-effective
  pollution controls
• 3 case studies SO2 from power plants NOx from
  power plants automobiles

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NESCAUM Report Key Findings

• Where strong regulatory drivers exists,
  substantial technological improvements steady
  reductions in control costs follow.
• Dynamic occurs even when control options were
  limited or untested at time regulations were
  introduced.

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SO2 From Power Plants

• Flue gas desulfurization (scrubbing) equipment
  was first installed at power plant in London in
  1930s
• First US installation in 1968
• High capital operational costs
• Early units hampered by reliability problems

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SO2 From Power Plants

• Local control requirements only
• few technological advances
• 1977 CAAA NSPS for power plants
• scrubber cost dropped / improved reliability
• 1990 CAAA Coal utilities invest in scrubbers for
  acid rain program
• costs continue to decline far below projections
• Late 90s Prospect new PM/SO2 standards
• fuel switching

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Carlson et al (2000)
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NOx From Power Plants

• Technologies in use outside US
• Resistance in this country
• Weak regulatory drivers prior to 1990 CAA

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NOx From Power Plants

• Key technology drivers
• 1970/77 CAA new source performance standards
• California Initiatives (NOx as a precursor to
  ozone)
• 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
• OTC NOx MOU / NOx SIP Call (cover existing
  facilities)
• Now routine use of advanced approaches
• SCR, SNCR, Gas and Coal Reburn

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(No Transcript)
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Cost of NOx ControlsSelective Catalytic Reduction
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Cost of NOx ControlsSNCR
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Automobile Emissions

• 1965 -- 2005 Cars 95 Cleaner
• California Regulations
• Title II of the CAA
• Technological innovations
• catalytic converters, fuel injection
• computer controls
• evaporative emission controls
• cleaner gasoline (lead, RVP, RFG, sulfur)
• ZEVs / Hybrids

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(No Transcript)
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Cost of Auto Emission Controls(incremental per
vehicle)
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Conclusions

• Advanced air pollution control technologies dont
  become commercially available at attractive
  prices until after regulatory requirements are
  established.

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Conclusions

• Technology-forcing standards would likely lead to
  innovative approaches to reduce NOx emissions
  from aircraft engines at costs significantly
  below initial projections.

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Conclusions

• Technology advances are achieved at significant
  cost and effort to industry
• Required tremendous innovation ingenuity on the
  part of industry
• Demand for cars electricity have continued to
  grow