Smart Growth

1
Smart Growth

• A Solution to Sprawl Land Use Patterns

2
Urban Sprawl

• A pattern of urban and metropolitan growth that
  reflects low-density, automobile-dependent,
  exclusionary new development on the fringe of
  settled areas often surrounding a deteriorating
  city.

3
Sprawl Land Use Patterns

• Single-use zoning
• Low-density development
• Auto-centric communities
• Up-sizing
• Homogeneity

4
History of Sprawl

• Early development
• Grid patterns to lay out streets
• City Beautiful Movement
• Grand streets and parks
• Environmental protection in 1867
• isolated bothersome land uses
• 1899 LHote v. New Orleans
• Seperated socially unacceptable activities
• 1909 in Los Angelos
• First to influence vast amounts of land
• Uses of single-family only, light/heavy
  industrial, warehousing

5
History of Sprawl

• New York Zoning Code of 1916
• First comprehensive zoning codes
• Pyramid of residential, commercial, industrial
  uses
• Automobile
• Pre-auto development at pedestrian scale
• Autos decrease spatial restraint
• Post World War II new development
• Social and Economic decline of city core
• Suburbs desirable

6
Definition of Smart Growth

• An approach to land use management, not meant to
  eliminate urban expansion or suburb development,
  but to achieve resource efficiency and livable
  communities within development, both existing and
  new.
• Builds communities that
• Are economically beneficial.
• Are environmentally responsible.
• Accommodate different interests of diverse
  society.

7
Smart Growth Principles

• Principles that shape the built environment
• Compact, Multiuse Development
• Open-space conservation
• Expanded mobility
• Principle concerned with how built environment
  meets needs
• Enhanced Livability
• Other interrelated principles
• Efficient management and expansion of
  infrastructure.
• Infill, redevelopment, and adaptive use in
  built-up areas.

8
Smart Growth and Sprawl Land use comparison
www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm95.htm
9
Economic Impacts of Smart Growth

• Benefits
• Reduced costs of transportation
• Time
• Expenditures
• Reduced costs for public services
• Costs
• Additional construction, and operating costs
• Needed to develop higher density communities and
  increase travel options
• Increased traffic, noise and air pollution by
  higher density
• But less autos decrease traffic and pollution
• Loss of urban green space by higher density
• But regional green space increased

10
Environmental Impacts of Smart Growth

• Benefits
• Improved air quality
• Reduced auto emissions
• Protected water quality
• Reduced runoff from urbanized land
• Provides habitat and wildlife protection

11
Regulatory Incentives

• Flexible Zoning
• Floating zones
• Cluster zoning
• Density bonuses
• Reduced Infrastructure costs
• Reduced standards and requirements
• Lower impact fees
• Promote Open-space Conservation
• Conservation easements
• Land management
• Expedite Approvals

12
Regulatory Requirements

• Compact, Multiuse Development
• Growth boundaries
• Service limits
• Open-space conservation
• Agricultural and conservation zoning
• Subdivision regulations
• Travel Choices
• Street and pathway connection requirements
• Standards and design requirements

13
Reforms for Smart Growth

• Regional governance needed
• Issues best approached at regional level.
• Needed to unite local planning.
• Regional organizations lack authority.
• Avoid redundant efforts and investments in
  infrastructure.
• Intergovernmental coordination
• Implement comprehensive plan
• Vertical coordination
• Horizontal coordination
• Educate development professionals and community
• Need for smart growth in greenfield areas
  misunderstood.

14
DeLand, FloridaStrategic Plan 2005-2010

• Focus Area Institute Smart Growth principles
• To manage growth
• For community identity and governmental
  efficiency
• Strategic Results
• Annexation which will square off the Citys
  boundaries.
• Quality growth that preserves the character of
  the City.
• Strategies
• Implement priority annexation strategies.
• Strengthen and expand redevelopment efforts.
• Create incentives for redevelopment.
• Acquire additional parkland, develop park and
  recreation impact fee.
• Develop new regulations on densities.
• Encourage use of Planned Development Agreements
  in zonings.
• Promote development that localizes traffic trips.
• Review land development regulations and policies
  to determine if they encourage smart growth.

15
Bibliography

• En.wikipedia.org/wiki/urban_sprawl
• Squires, Gregory D. Urban Sprawl Causes,
  Consequences and Policy Responses. Washington,
  D.C. The Urban Institute Press, 2002.
• Gerckens, Laurence C., AICP. American Zoning and
  the Physical Isolation of Uses.
  www.plannersweb.com/articles/ger065.html
• Porter, Douglas R. Making Smart Growth Work.
  Washington, D.C. ULIThe Urban Land Institute,
  2002.
• www.vtpi.org/tdm/
• www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/about_sg.htmenviron
• City of DeLand Strategic Plan 2005-2010
• www.plannersweb.com/sprawl/urbansprawlblues.html