October 2729, 2005

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• October 27-29, 2005
• Kaliningrad, Russia
• ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF MOBILITY
• Linas Kliucininkas
• Department for Environmental Engineering
• Kaunas University of Technology

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Trends in vehicle kilometers of travel in world
cities, 1960-1990 underlying drivers and policy
responses

• Vehicle kilometres of travel (VKT) the total
  annual vkt by
• passenger vehicles.
• The relative importance of the factors affecting
  changes in vkt
• FAC PG US CO VO
• PG - population growth,
• US urban sprawl,
• CO car ownership,
• VO - vehicle occupancy.
• www.elsevier.com/locate/tranpol

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Some key land use and transport characteristics
of the seven case study cities
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Transport and Energy Challenge for
technology

• Energy consumption has a strong correlation with
  the level of development.
• Among developed countries,transportation now
  accounts between 20 and 25 of all the energy
  being consumed.
• Alternative fuels in the form of non-crude oil
  resources are drawing considerable attention as a
  result of shrinking oil reserves, increasing
  petroleum costs and the need to reduce
  pollutants emission.

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Transport and energy

• Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2005) Transport Geography
  on the Web, Hofstra University, Department of
  Economics Geography, http//people.hofstra.edu/g
  eotrans.

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Transport and Energy

• Hydrogen driven transport
• Fuel cells

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Transport and Energy
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Transport and Atmospheric Pollution
Challenge for producers, planners and society

• Air quality standards are being implemented with
  increasing rigor in more and more countries
  around the world.
• Two major groups of atmospheric pollutants could
  be seen as contributors to local and global
  effects.
• Traditionally, the most significant conventional
  emissions are NOx, CO, VOCs, lead and particulate
  matter.
• Some exhaust emissions from road transport
  give rise also to secondary pollution, such as
  photochemical oxidants.
• The climate change problem is related to changes
  in the concentration of greenhouse gases, such as
  CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs.

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Transport and Noise Challenge for producers,
planners and society

• Excessive noise levels (65dB(A) and gt) damage
  people health by contributing to high blood
  presure and cardiovascular diseases (OECD, 2001).
• In OECD countries, around 30 of the population
  is exposed to noise levels higher than 55dB(A).
• Continuous exposure to noise can lead to
  weakening of the auditory system and sleeping
  disorders. Noise has also negative affects on
  wildlife.

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Transport and Land Take Challenge
for planners

• Increased demand for transport is already placing
  enormous pressures for new infrastructures. Many
  of these transport facilities such as airports
  and ports require very large amounts of land for
  their own internal operations and for the
  external transport links that have to be
  provided.
• While in several areas road transportation
  infrastructures are overused, a situation of
  over-capacity exists in others.

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Transport in Cities Challenge for urban
planners

• The geographical growth of cities has not been
  proportional to the growth of population.
• For the developed world, the preference for road
  transportation has led to a massive consumption
  of space, which ranges between 1.5 and 2.0 of
  the total land surface devoted to the automobile,
  mainly with roads and parking lots.
• The dependence on transportation has reached a
  point where 30 to 60 of urban areas are taken by
  road transportation infrastructure alone.

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Traffic Planning

• Spatial structure
• Modes of transport

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Modeling Transport Effects Ambient air
pollution

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Modeling Transport Effects Noise Action
Plans
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Integrated assessment of environmental impacts
fromtransport and traffic infrastructure
systems COST 350 action

• Inventory of environmental mechanisms and
  decision-making mechanisms
• Inventory of traffic and transport
  characteristics
• Development of environmental impacts integration
  methods (scoring and aggregation)

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Indicators of Transport and Environment
Integration TERM

• Is the environmental performance of the transport
  sector improving?
• Are we getting better at managing transport
  demand and at improving the modal split?
• Are we optimising the use of existing transport
  infrastructure capacity and moving towards a
  better balanced intermodal transport system?
• Are we moving towards a fairer and more efficient
  pricing system, which ensures that external costs
  are internalised?
• (EEA)

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Indicators of Transport and Environment
Integration TERM

• How rapidly are cleaner technologies being
  introduced and how efficiently are vehicles being
  used?
• Are environmental management and monitoring tools
  being used effectively to support policy-making?
• http//themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities/tr
  ansport/indicators

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Thank You !