BASIC PROGRAMMING FOR DATA ANALYSIS

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BASIC PROGRAMMING FOR DATA ANALYSIS

• Dr. D. Dutta Roy
• Psychology Research Unit
• Indian Statistical Institute
• 203, B.T. Road
• Kolkata- 700108

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CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Definition, Types of Programming languages,
  Characteristics of good algorithm, Flowchart,
  Programming structure , Data analysis
• Data entry File handling, reading and printing
  data, Array, Operators, Commands, Data entry,
  Statements, Adv.functions
• Data computation Max score,
• result reporting

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What is BASIC ?

• BASIC is an useful programming languages for data
  entry, data analysis and reporting the result. In
  programming, there are three languages Machine
  level/low level (High state and low state or 1
  and 0) and higher level languages. BASIC is a
  higher level language. BASIC means Beginners
  All Purpose Symbolic Instructions Code. Computer
  does not understand the higher level language so
  higher level language is converted to machine
  language. Between these two languages, assembly
  level language exists. It involves a set mnemonic
  codes. BASIC is simple and easy-to-learn
  language, particularly suitable for the
  non-specialist users.

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What is Programming ?

• Programming is a set of commands or statements
  given to the computer in some computer language.
  These commands will be executed by the computer
  in a particular sequence. The list of commands
  given to the computer for solving a problem is
  called computer program.Any program written in
  high level language has to be translated into
  machine language before it is executed by the
  computer. This can be achieved with the help of
  translator programs - compilers (translating
  entire program and executing the program)and
  interpreters (translating each step and executing
  it). BASIC programs are normally interpreted not
  compiled.

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Algorithms

• Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving
  a given problem. The characteristics of good
  algorithm are
• They are simple but offer powerful and general
  solutions
• They are well documented to be used and easily
  understood by others
• They can be modified easily
• They give correct solutions
• They save computer time and memory space.
• They can be used as sub-procedures for other
  problems.

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Flow chart

• Flow charting is a diagrammatic representation of
  the problem solving process, in which decision
  steps are laid out in logical order.

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Operators
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Programming Structure

• Array creation
• Opening the input,output,append file
• Input/read data
• Analysis of data as per programming flow
• Displaying the output through file or through
  display unit as per user requirement
• End

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ARRAY

• Array is used to store a large amount of data
  temporarily to
• different variables. There are two types of
  array One
• dimensional array and two dimensional array.
• Syntax of one dimensional array
• Dim ltarraynamegt (max.data number)
• Dim Data (10)
• Syntax of Two dimensional array
• Dim ltarraynamegt (max.row, max.col.)
• Dim Data (10,5)

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Opening and Closing FilesInput and Output
statement
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BASIC STATEMENT COMMANDS
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TRANSFER STATEMENT

• GOTO ltLINE NO.gt
• GOSUB ltLINE NO.gt
• .
• .
• .
• RETURN

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Conditional statement(IF-THEN)

• IF-THEN-ELSE
• IF condition 1 THEN
• statement block 1
• ELSE IF condition 2 THEN
• statement block 2
• ELSE
• statement block n
• ENDIF

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Conditional statement(ON GOTO)

• ON EXPRESSION GOTO LINE LIST.
• ON EXPRESSION GOSUB LINE LIST.

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Co
Conditional statement(SELECT)

• Select case ltvariable namegt
• case is gt 1
• statement block1
• case 2 to 4
• statement block2
• case 1
• statement block 3
• end select

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Flow of BASIC program

• There are three types of flow in writing the
  program
• Sequential flow(working instructions
  sequentially)
• Repetitive flow(doing same job repeatedly)
• Conditional repetitive flow(Flow depends upon
  satisfaction of condition)

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Data analysis

• There are three phases of data analysis
• Data entry data coding and feeding to computer,
  data tabulation and verification
• Data analysis selection of useful measurement
  techniques and writing program
• Display of results Displaying the data following
  users specification

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DATA ENTRY AND CODING

• CLS
• REM This program is for entering the data and
  coding the variables
• OPEN "c\windows\desktop\test.dat" FOR APPEND AS
  1
• LOC1 1
• LOC2 2
• 10 INPUT "NAME OF STUDENTS
  ", NAME
• IF NAME "0" THEN GOTO 100
• INPUT "AGE
  ", AGE
• INPUT "LOCALITY (TYPE U FOR URBAN AND R FOR
  RURAL) ", LOC
• INPUT "MATHEMATICS EXAM. SCORE
  ", MATH
• IF LOC "U" THEN WRITE 1, NAME, AGE, LOC1,
  MATH
• IF LOC "R" THEN WRITE 1, NAME, AGE, LOC2,
  MATH
• GOTO 10
• 100 END

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Advance Functions
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Matrix Manipulation

• A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. In
  matrix algebra, the array is considered to be a
  single unit rather than collection of individual
  entries, and is operated upon as a unit. For
  calculation of two matrices, there should be the
  same number of rows and columns.

• A 105 63 5
• 218 80 2
• 220 76 1
• 84 102 4
• B 240 121 1
• 302 28 0

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Addition of two matrices

• REM program to add matrices of two sets of data
• DIM a(3, 3), b(3, 3), c(3, 3)
• n 3 m 3
• FOR i 1 TO n
• FOR j 1 TO m
• READ a(i, j)
• DATA 105,63,5,218,80,2,220,76,1
• PRINT a(i, j)
• NEXT j
• NEXT i
• PRINT ""
• FOR k 1 TO n
• FOR l 1 TO m
• READ b(k, l)
• DATA 84,102,4,240,121,1,302,28,0
• PRINT b(k, l)
• NEXT l
• NEXT k

• FOR mr 1 TO n
• FOR mc 1 TO m
• c(mr, mc) a(mr, mc) b(mr, mc)
• NEXT mc
• NEXT mr
• PRINT
• FOR g 1 TO n
• FOR h 1 TO m
• PRINT c(g, h)
• NEXT h
• NEXT g