??? ???????????????

1
????????????? ? ?-? ?????????????

• ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ? ??????????
  ?????????? ????? ?????? ? ?-? ?????????????
• ??? ??????????????? ?????????????????? N ch
  ????????? lt Tcoll(b) gt ??? lt N wound (b) gt

N ch ? lt Tcoll(b) gt ??? N ch ? lt N wound (b) gt
2
????????????? ? ?u Au ?????????????
???????????
?????? ????????????? ??ch / ?geom
?geom 2 ? (r 0 (A 1/3 B 1/3)) 2 , r 0
1.13 fm
??????????????
3
ltNbingt ? ltNpartgt
?sNN 200 GeV Monte Carlo Glauber Calculation,
AuAu
?geo ltNpartgt ltNbingt ltNbingt/ltNpartgt
0-5 352 (67) 990.0 (6977) 2.85 (0.17)
5-10 298 (1010) 783.7 (7174) 2.65 (0.17)
10-20 232 (1110) 563.2 (6459) 2.43 (0.17)
20-30 165 (1312) 355.0 (5349) 2.14 (0.17)
30-40 114 (1312) 213.9 (4136) 1.86 (0.16)
40-60 61 (1010) 91.8 (2223) 1.44 (0.14)
60-80 19.8 (56) 20.0 (79) 0.96 (0.10)
Woods-Saxon Parameters
?0 .169346 nucleons/fm3, r0 6.38 ? 0.06 fm,
c0 0.535 ? 0.027 fm
Cross-sections ?NN 42 ? 1 mb, ?geo 7.2 ?
0.4 b
4

?????????? AuAu ???????????? (PHOBOS)???
?????? ????????
The Return of the Wounded Nucleon Model Bialas
Czyz 1976, Elias et al 1978
Backer, QM-2002
????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ???
???????? ltN partgt ?? ??????? ?? ?????????????
????????????, ?.?. N ch ? lt N part gt ? ??????
? ?????? ? s
5
?????????? ?????????????????? N ch ? ltN partgt
??? ??????? ?lt1
M.Baker, QM2002
PHOBOS AuAu
200 GeV
PRC 65 (2002) 061901R
130 GeV
19.6 GeV preliminary
dN AA /d ? (1 x(s)) lt Tcoll gt x (s) lt N
wound gt dN pp /d ?
D.Kharzeev, nucl-th/0211083
6
???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??
STAR
PHENIX
??? ?????? ltN partgt , ??? ?????? ?????????????
A-A ???????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????
7
?-? ????????????
??????????? ?? PT ? ?? ????????????? ltN
partgt ltNwoundgt
8
????? ??????, ???????????????? ?????, ? ??
????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?? ? ? ??
?????????????, ?????????? ? ???????????????
?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ltTAAgt ltTcollgt
STAR, AuAu ? charge particles
PHENIX, AuAu ? ?0
9
??????????? RAA (pT) ?? ??????? ??? ???????????
?-? ????????????
S.Margets ,CMS-DELPHY, 2003
PHENIX AuAu
N coll ?
N part ?
????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?? scaling
?? ltN part gt !!!
10
Leading Hadrons in Fixed Target Experiments
Central PbPb collisions at SPS
pA collisions
SPS any parton energy loss effects buried by
initial state multiple scattering, transverse
radial flow,
Multiple scattering in initial state(Cronin
effect)
S.Margets (STAR),CMS-DELPHY, 2003
11
??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??
???????? ?
R CP(pT) for ? 0 / ? 2.2
BRAHMS
??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? pT ??? ?
2.2 ? ??????????? ????????????? !
12
???????
??? ??????? PT gt 4 ??? N ch ? lt N wound gt, ??
?? N ch ? lt Tcoll gt

• ?????? N ch ? lt N wound gt ????????? ???????????
  ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????????
  ? ?? ???????????? ?
• ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????
  ? ??????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ??
  ?????????????

13
?-? ????????????
??????????? ?? ????? ??????. ??????????
?????????.
14
Ratio antibarion/barion
????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ? ??????
????? ???????? ??????? ? ? ?????? ???????!
STAR QM Poster on19.6 GeV data D. Cebra
15
Net protons Np-Npbar
130 GeV AuAu

• Net protons at ycm decreasing with increasing
  energy

16
?-? ????????????
A.D.Panagiotou, P.G.Katsas hep-ph/0212082
??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????
? s - strange chemical potential ? qu,d -
quark chemical potential
HG hadron gas DQM deconfined quark matter QGP
quark-gluon plasma
17

18
????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ? ?????
???????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?
?????????????? ?????????? R CP
PHENIX
STAR
?????????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ????????
? ??????? p T 2-4 ???/? ??? ??????????
???????? ? ????????? ? ????????, ??? ????????????
??????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?- ?????????????, ???
?/? 0.1-0.3
19
Geometry of Heavy Ion Collisions
20
???????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????
????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?
??????????? ??? back-to-back ????? !
?????????????? 2 ???? 0 ? 3.14
??????????? ?????? ??, ?????? ?????? ???? ?
?-?, ????? ?????????? ???????
21
???????????? ????????????? ?????, v 2?????????
? ????????? ? ????????????????? ??????
PHENIX
STAR
?????????????? ???????? ??? ?? gt 3 GeV/c
22
??????????? ?? ltN partgt ? ?? ??????-????????
???????????? ?????????? v 2 ? ?????? ? -
???????????? ???? ?????????????? ? -
??????????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?
23

???????????? ????????????? ?????, v
2????????????? ????????? ?????
A.Steinberg (BNL), nucl-ex/0105013
????????? v 2 (pT) ??? ?????????? ?????? ?
???????? ?? ????????????? ? ?????? ?????????
????? (Gyulassy, Levai, Vitev. NPB571(2000)197 )
24

• ????? ?? ????? ??? KS ? ? (pT scale)
• ? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? v2 ?
  ?????????? RAA?
• ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? pT scale?
• pTmeson2pTparton?
• pTbaryon3pTparton?
• ????????? v2 ? ???? RAA ? ?????? pT ???????????.

S.Margets (STAR),CMS-DELPHY, 2003
24
25
?-? ????????????
?????????? dA ????????????
26
?????????? d-A ????????????(??? ??????? ???????
???????)
??????????? A-A ????????????
(h h-)/2, STAR
(h h-)/2, BRAHMS

• ??????? ?????? R(dAu) ??????????? ? ????????? ?
  pp, (?????? ??????),
• ???? pT 2.5 ???/? ??????? ?????? R dAu 1.4 ?
  ??????????? ? 1.
• ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????????

27
?-? ????????????
??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????????.
28
Outline of a heavy ion collision
pre-collision
QGP (?) and parton production
hadron reinteraction
hadron production
(very) early environment
dN/dt
time
STAR QM Talk F. Retiere
Chemical freeze out
Collision images S. Bass
Kinetic freeze out
29
HBT ???????????????

• In 1956 R. Hambury-Brown and R.Q. Twiss measured
  the size of a star using the Bose-Einstein
  correlation between pairs of photons. R.
  Hambury-Brown and R.Q. Twiss, Nature 178 (1956)
  1046
• The method was first applied in particle physics
  in 1960 by G. Goldhaber, S. Goldhaber, W. Lee and
  A. Pais, who studied the correlations of pairs of
  pions in proton-antiproton collisions.
  G.Goldhaber et al., Phys. Rev. 120 (1960) 300

e.g.

• where
• q four-momentum difference
• k1, k2 four-momenta of two bosons
• R source dimensions (4-vector)
• l chaoticity parameter 0 lt l lt 1

30
Freeze-out conditions

• The information from the HBT radii provides a
  relation between the transverse flow velocity bT
  and freeze-out temperature TF
• This information can be combined with that coming
  from the particle spectra to get an estimate of
  the freeze-out parameters

In the intersection region TF ? 120 MeV bT ?
0.55
H.Appelshäuser et al. (NA49), Eur. Phys. J. C 2
(1998) 661 B.Tomášik et al., nucl-th/9907096
31
Evolution time scale from STAR data
Balance function
?
Chemical freeze out???
Resonance survival
Rout, Rside
Rlong (and HBT wrt reaction plane)
dN/dt
time
1 fm/c
5 fm/c
10 fm/c
20 fm/c
STAR QM Talk F. Retiere
Kinetic freeze out
32
Two-Pion HBT for AuAu at 130 and 200 GeV
Radii increase with centrality decrease with
increasing ltmTgt
RO/RS lt 1
Sinyukov fits At0 (source lifetime) t0
(central) 10 fm/c t0 (midcentral) 9 fm/c t0
(peripheral) 8 fm/c
(side)
(out)
(Makhlin and Sinyukov, Z.Phys. C39, 69 (1988))
(see Talk by M. Lopez-Noriega)
33
????? ????? ?0 (770) ? pp ? ?u?u
????????????? ??? ?s 200 ???, 3.3lt ? lt5.0
J.Adams et al (STAR), nucl-ex/0307023
? ?? ????? ? ? 50 MeV !!! 1.??????
????????????? ???? 2. ?????????????? ? ???????
????????
34
A) ??????????

• ??? ?????????? ?? PT ?????????? N ch (?s) ???
• ? ? ? e e? ?????????
• ????? h ? ? ? 0 ??? ??????? PT gt 4 ???/?
  ???????? ? (??) ??????????? ????????????? ? 4-5
  ??? ? ????????? ? ?? ?
• (??) ??????????????? ??????????????
• ??????? ???????? lt PT gt?? ?????? ? N ch ? ?s ?
• lt PT gtee ? lt PT gt?? ? lt PT gtpp
• ? ????????????? ??????? p T 2-4 ???/? ???
  ?????????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ????????, ???
  ???????????? ??????????? ? ? ? ? ? ?-
  ?????????????, ??? ?/? 0.1-0.3

35

B) ??????????

• ???????????? ?????????? back-to-back ??? ???????
  ? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??? (??)
  ??????????? ????????????
• ? ???????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ? (dA)
  ?????????????, ???????? ?????? ???????
  ??????????? ? (??) ? (??) ???????????
• ??????????? ??????, ??????????????? ? ???, ??? ?
  ????????? ?????? ?-? ?????????????? ???????
  ??????? ?????, ? ??????? ????????? ???????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ??-?? ?????????????, ???
  ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ? ?????????
  ?????????????? ?????? v2(pT)