Canada

1
Canadas Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• Kyoto and Beyond

2
Canadas Kyoto Committments

• Committed to a 5.4 reduction from 1990 emissions
  levels by the 2008-2012 period
• Canada emitted approximately 601 megatonnes eCO2
  in 1990
• BAU is projected to be 809 MT in 2010
• This equates to a required reduction of 240
  megatonnes from 2010 BAU

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The Big Picture
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Some numbers to think about
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Canadas Kyoto Committments
BAU - 809 MT
720 MT
Gap -240 MT
Target -569 MT
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Some questions.

• From what sectors of the economy do these GHG
  emissions originate?
• What fuels are the most important in terms of GHG
  emissions?
• On a per capita basis, how GHG intensive are
  Canadians (i.e amount of GHGs annually)?
• What everyday activities lead to these
  emissions?

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Emissions by Sector (MT of eCO2)
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Emissions by Sector - Direct and Indirect
Emissions - MT in 2004
9
Emission Intensity of Fuel
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What is a GJ and what is a megatonne?

• A gigajoule is 1 billion joules, equal to 278
  Kwh. More simply, this equals running 2,780 100
  watt lightbulbs for 1 hour
• Each year Canada consumes nearly 9,500 PJs of
  energy (1 PJ 1,000,000 GJ), the equivalent of
  leaving 157 billion 100 watt light bulbs on for
  one week

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And a megatonne...

• A megatonne is a million tonnes
• One tonne is 1000 kilograms
• 1 kilogram is 100 grams
• One tonne of CO2 would completely fill the inside
  of an ordinary house

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Fuel Consumption in Canada
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Per Capita Emissions

• If 720 MT of eCO2 emissions per year, 30 million
  people, then
• Each person is responsible for 24 tonnes of eCO2
  a year!
• However, if only personal actions are included,
  this equals 5.4 tonnes/year.
• The main activities which lead to this which we
  can directly impact are transportation, home
  energy services, and waste

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Sources of Personal GHG Emissions in Canada
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What actions can we take?

• What do you think are the best actions which both
  society and we as individuals could take to
  mitigate greenhouse gas emissions?

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Canadas Greenhouse Action Plan

• Three step process
• Step 1 - Actions already underway
• Canada has already spent 1.6 billion on climate
  change
• Total emissions reduced - 80 MT
• Step 2 - New actions
• Actions largely concentrated in transportation
  and industrial sectors
• Total expected reduction - 100 MT
• Step 3 - The Remainder
• Technological development, provicial cooperation
  and community action
• Total expected reduction - 60 MT

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Canadas Action Plan Steps 1 2
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Where we have come from...
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New primary energy in Canada 1970 -1990
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The action plan for the residential sector

• Actions underway and proposed (goal - 8 MT)
• Improving EE of buildings (1.2 MT)
• EE evaluations (0.7 MT)
• Improving EE standards for equipment and
  appliances (1.6 MT)
• EE retrofit of 20 of housing (1.5 MT)

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Emissions in the residential sector
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Examples from the past space heating
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Examples from the past..appliances
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The action plan for the transportation sector

• Actions underway and proposed (goal - 21 MT)
• 25 improvement in new vehicle fuel efficiency
  (5.2 MT)
• Integrated planning to reduce urban
  transportation emissions (0.8 MT)
• Voluntary fuel efficiency improvements in air,
  rail, truck and marine sectors (2 MT)
• Increased ethanol blend to 35 of fuel mix (2 MT)
• Increased public transport (7 MT)

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Emissions in the transportation sector
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Fuel efficiency of transportation modes
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How much CO2 would result from a 50 km round trip
commute?

• If vehicle is a mid sized car, perhaps 10
  litres/100 km fuel efficient
• Therefore 5 litres per 50 km round trip
• 5 litres of gas equals 0.1645 GJ of energy in gas
• 0.1645 GJ equals 11 kgs of CO2 (69 kgs CO2/GJ)
• Therefore, in one round trip of 50 km, this
  equals 11 kgs of CO2.
• If this is done 240 times a year, this equals 2.6
  tonnes of CO2!

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The action plan for the electricity sector

• Actions underway and proposed (goal - 22.6
• MT)
• incentive for wind power generation (2.8 MT)
• increased interprovincial trade and transmission
  (5.4 MT)
• 10 new generation from emerging renewable
  sources (3.9 MT)
• Clean coal technology (4.5 MT)

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Emissions in the electricity sector
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Emission intensity by province
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What does this mean for the average family?
In terms of appliance use...
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Latest action in the news...
Alberta Government to Buy 45 of Electricity From
Green Producer 20 Year Contract Awarded to
Canadian Hydro Developers
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GHG Mitigation InitiativesElectricity Sector
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Carbon taxes - an economic instrument

• Carbon Taxes
• Objectives?
• Reduce emissions of CO2
• Create environmental beneficial incentives
• Equalize maringal cost across tax base
• Spur innovation
• Raise revenues
• How?
• CO2 (CO2/E)(E/ES)(ES/I)(I/O)O