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What are the alternatives?
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The diesel engine first patented in 1892
The Diesel engine was initially Intended to run
on coal dust.
Rudolph Diesel (1858 1913)
Diesel demonstrated his engine at the Exhibition
Fair in Paris, France in 1898. This engine was
fueled by peanut oil - the "original" biodiesel.
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The first Diesel race car placed 13th in the
Indianapolis 500
because it never stopped to refuel
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In 1973 and 1978, OPEC reduced the supply of oil
and raised the price.
The American public looked to diesel fuel which
was more efficient and economical and they began
buying diesel-powered automobiles.
This surge of diesel sales in American ended in
the 1980's.
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From the BBC
Just as certain as death and taxes is the
knowledge that we shall one day be forced to
learn to live without oil.
Only 1,000 billion barrels have been confirmed as
accessible to oil drilling. At current
consumption rates, the oil reserves will last
about 40 more years. With the rapid development
of both India and China, oil could be gone within
20 years.
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2005
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" The Use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may
seem insignificant today. But such oils may
become in course of time as important as
petroleum and the coal tar products of the
present time " Rudolph Diesel 1912
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Fuel samples prepared at JMU from seven
different types of fuel feedstocks
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Fuel is Composed of Hydrocarbons
oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, vegetable oils,
animal fats,
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The hydrocarbon chains in vegetable oils are
attached to glycerin
Vegetable Oils and animal fats are Tri-glycerides
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Various Small-Scale Batch Processors
Reactor Built by JMU Students Less than 2000
AGR BioHome 150 4,995.00 AGR BioPro
190 7,995.00
Fuel Meister 2,999.00 Oil heater kit 399.00
The Appleseed Less than 1000.00
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Biodiesel Industries patented Modular Production
Unit (MPU) can produces 3 million gallons
annually.
Four (4) MPUs operating simultaneously can
produce 12 million gallons biodiesel annually.
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Continuous flow processors
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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
CONVERSION OF TRIGLYCERIDES TO METHYLATED FATTY
ACIDS
Four Key Ingredients
1. Vegetable Oil or Animal Fat (feedstock) 2.
Methanol 3. Catalyst (NaOH or KOH) 4. Heat
(or ultrasound for continuous flow processing)
The recipe (from NAFTC) National Alternative
Fuels Training Consortium 1 liter of oil
250 ml methanol (25 by vol.) 5 grams
catalyst (NaOH or KOH) React at 50-60 oC for
2 hours
In English Units 1 gallon of oil 1
quart methanol (25 by vol.) 0.7 ounces
catalyst (NaOH or KOH) React at 120-140 oF
for 2 hours
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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
Calculations for KOH and methanol are based on
the amount of feedstock you are using
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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
To begin

1. Heat your oil to 50-60 oC (120-140 oF)
2. Calculate the amount of methanol and catalyst
   needed
3. Dissolve catalyst in methanol
4. Add methoxide to heated oil
5. Mix rapidly for 2 hours

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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
Calculations for KOH and methanol are based on
the amount of feedstock you are using
Corn Oil 200 ml heated to 50oC
Methanol 50 ml
KOH 1 gram
Calculating the amount of methanol
200 ml Corn Oil x 25 methanol 50 ml
Methanol
5 grams KOH 1 liter oil
1 L 1000 mL
Calculating the amount of KOH
200 mL Corn Oil
1 gram KOH

x
x
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After the reaction is complete. Turn off the heat
and mixing, and let settle overnight.
The glycerin will settle to the bottom of the
tank.
Biodiesel
Glycerin
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Heating the oil can speed up the reaction by a
factor of 10. Be careful not to get too hot
Methanol boils at 65oC (150oF)
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DID YOU MAKE SOAP?
QUICK TEST TO DETERMINE IF YOUR REACTION WAS
SUCCESSFUL
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Soap and biodiesel are very similar compounds.
Biodiesel
Soap
Partial reaction (with soap)
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The catalyst (NaOH or KOH) is very hygroscopic
it will absorb moisture from the air
Initial mass
Mass increases after 5 minutes
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KOH is very hygroscopic it will absorb moisture
from the air very quickly.
This can promote soap formation.
Protect your catalyst from moisture using tightly
sealed containers. Or, consider storing under
dry nitrogen.
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PROBLEMS WITH BIODIESEL
QUICK TEST TO DETERMINE IF YOUR REACTION WAS
SUCCESSFUL
Incomplete reaction
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OIL AND METHOXIDE DO NOT COMBINE EASILY
Be sure you have adequate mixing
Methoxide
oil
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These recipes use 2x the required amount of
methanol You can reclaim and reuse the excess
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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
Calculations for KOH and methanol are based on
the amount of feedstock you are using
Soybean Oil 300 ml heated to 50oC
Methanol 75 ml
KOH 1.5 grams
Calculating the amount of methanol
300 ml Soybean Oil x 25 methanol 75 ml
Methanol
Calculating the amount of KOH
5 grams KOH 1 liter oil
1 L 1000 mL
1.5 grams KOH

300 mL Soybean Oil
x
x
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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
Calculations for KOH and methanol are based on
the amount of feedstock you are using
KOH 1 gram
Crisco 200 ml heated to 50oC
Methanol 30 ml
Calculating the amount of methanol
200 ml Crisco x 30 methanol 60 ml
Methanol
Calculating the amount of KOH
5 grams KOH 1 liter oil
1 L 1000 mL
1 gram KOH

200 mL Crisco
x
x
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Biodiesel made from vegetable shortening.
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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
CONVERTING WASTE INTO FUEL
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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
USED COOKING OIL REQUIRES TITRATION TO DETERMINE
AMOUNT OF CATALYST
High temperature cooking generates free-fatty
acids (FFAs) These will neutralize the catalyst
and disrupt the reaction
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BIODIESEL FROM USED COOKING OIL
USED COOKING OIL REQUIRES TITRATION TO CALCULATE
AMOUNT OF CATALYST
Mix 1 gram of catalyst (KOH or NaOH) in 1000 ml
distilled water
Mix 1 ml of used cooking oil in 10 ml of
isopropyl alcohol
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BIODIESEL FROM USED COOKING OIL
USED COOKING OIL REQUIRES TITRATION TO DETERMINE
AMOUNT OF CATALYST
Add measured quantity (1 ml or less) of 11000
catalyst solution (KOH or NaOH). Use the same
catalyst youll be using in your reaction.
If using Phenol indicator, the solution will
become pink when it becomes basic
If using pH paper, go until pH 8 is attained.
Record the amount of 11000 catalyst solution
used.
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BIODIESEL FROM USED COOKING OIL
Calculations for KOH and methanol are based on
the amount of feedstock you are using
For every 1 ml of the 11000 catalyst solution
added to the waste oil use an additional 1 gram
of catalyst per liter of oil feedstock
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BIODIESEL FROM USED COOKING OIL
Calculations for KOH and methanol are based on
the amount of feedstock you are using
Waste Oil 300 ml heated to 50oC
Methanol 75 ml
KOH 2.25 grams
Calculating the amount of methanol (same as
before)
300 ml Waste Oil x 25 methanol 75 ml
Methanol
Calculating the amount of KOH (must consider
titration results)
For Titration suppose you used 2.5 ml of
catalyst solution to raise the pH of the WVO to
8, then you would use an additional 2.5 grams of
catalyst per liter of oil in the biodiesel
reaction.
5 grams KOH 2.5 (titration)
1 liter oil
1 L 1000 mL
2.25 grams KOH

300 mL Waste Oil
x
x
(compared to 1.5 grams catalyst If this were
virgin oil)
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Biodiesel made from waste vegetable oil.
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Can you make biodiesel from cooked bacon fat?
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Solidified bacon grease
Biodiesel from waste bacon fat
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HOW TO MAKE BIODIESEL
Scaling up and water-washing to remove excess
glycerin
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Water-washing Removes excess glycerin
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Bubble wash or fine water mist to remove excess
catalyst and glycerin byproducts
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Poor quality fuel
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Magnasol avoids the water wash so you wont get
an emulsion.
But this doesnt mean youve made good fuel...
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Is this good fuel?
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The quality of fuel you need is dependent upon
your application
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The John Deere 8030 series base price of
148,067.50
Promotional photo courtesy of John Deere
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The fuel injection systems on the John Deere
PowerTech Plus engines operate at 29,000 psi
Photos compliments of the National Alternative
Fuel Training Consortium
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Biodiesel Fuel Testing
ASTM D6751Standard Specification for Biodiesel
Fuel Blendstock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels

• Property Test Method Specification
• Flash Point, Closed Cup ASTM D93 130C min
• Water and Sediment ASTM D2709 0.050 Vol. Max
• Kinematic Viscosity, 40C ASTM D445 1.9-6.0
  mm2/s
• Sulfated Ash ASTM D874 0.020 Mass Max
• Sulfur ASTM D5453 0.0015 Mass , Max
• Copper Strip Corrosion ASTM D130 No. 3 Max
• Cetane Number ASTM D613 47 Min
• Cloud Point, C ASTM D2500 Report
• Carbon Residue ASTM D4530 0.050 Mass , Max
• Acid Number ASTM D664 0.80 mg KOH/g Max
• Free Glycerin ASTM D6584 0.020 Mass , Max
• Total Glycerin ASTM D6584 0.240 Mass , Max
• Phosphorous Content ASTM 4951 0.001 Mass , Max
• Distillation Temperature ASTM D1160 360 C Max

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