B: General Words

1
???? ????? (2)?????? ????? ? ????????
???? ?????? ????? ? ????????
???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 1
????
???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????
2
????? ??? ???

• ???? ????? 2 ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?
  ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
  ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???
  ???? ???????.

3

• ?????? ???
• ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?
  ???????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ???????? ???.
• ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? 1
  ????? ??????.

4
Part One VocabularyA Key Words

• This part includes the definitions and examples
  of key words and phrases that are supposed to be
  necessary to review and learn before reading the
  main passage of each unit.

5
B General Words

• This part includes the definitions and examples
  of general words of the main passages Students
  should read this part carefully, and then do the
  vocabulary exercises of each unit.

6
Part Two Reading Comprehension

• The reading passages are preceded by a number of
  questions. These pre-reading questions will help
  students about the answers as they read the
  passages

7
There are three kinds of comprehension
questions in each unit.

• True/False Questions
• Multiple-choice Questions
• Open-ended Questions

8
Part Three Translation Practice

• There is increasing demand for students to become
  familiar with translation skills.
• The final part of each unit serves this purpose.
  Students are supposed to translate them into
  fluent Persian.

9
Self - assessment

• There are a few questions at the end of each two
  units. Students should answer these questions in
  order to assess themselves. Questions should be
  answered after completion of the two units.

10
Appendix Answer Key

• Since this book is designed for
  self-instructional study, students must do the
  exercises themselves. But they can check the
  answers to all the questions in Appendix.

11
1Fundamentals of Changing an Organization
12
General Aims

• This unit has been designed to help you learn a
  number of key words and some of the general words
  in meaningful contests to expand your reading
  comprehension skills.

13
Behavioral objectives

• After carefully reading this unit, you are
  expected to
• Define the meaning of the words and general
  words, and do the exercises.
• Do the comprehension exercises .
• Translate Passage into Persian.

14
Key Words and General Words

• A authority, change agent, coordination,
  decentralize, effectiveness, goods, periodic
  review system, policy, regulation role, service
• B accommodate, attitude, beneficial,
  breakthrough, consultant, expertise, hire,
  modification, reduce, sequence, technological,
  virtually, withstand

15
1.1.3 Vocabulary Exercises Matching
Column II ( ) a. opinion about something ( )
b. set of ideas or a plan of what to do in
particular situations ( ) c. the ability
of an expert ( ) d. resist something

• Column 1
• 1. sequence
• 2. policy
• 3. attitude
• 4. withstand
• 5. expertise

2
3
5
4
16
1.1.4 Vocabulary Exercises Word Formation

• 1.Tthese plans need ------------------
  .
• 2. He has been ------------- in rank for
  failing to do his work.
• 3.We must ------------------ our efforts to help
  the organization.

modification
reduced
coordinate
17
1.1.5 Vocabulary Exercises

• technology, decentralize, virtually, accommodate,

1. They always try to ---------------their
customers with financial assistance if
necessary. 2. ----------------Every manger I
knew was there. 3. What we have here is a new
generation of advanced ----------------.
accommodate
virtually
technology
18
Pre-reading Questions

• What is the purpose of organizational change?
• How do managers implement change in their
  organizational setting?
• How many steps do the organizational
  modifications include to change an organization?

19
1.2 Reading Fundamentals of Changing an
Organization

• Changing an organization is the process of
  modifying an existing organization. The purpose
  of organizational modifications is to increase
  organizational effectiveness- that is, the extent
  to which an organization accomplishes

...continued
20

• its objectives. Managers who determine
  appropriate changes to make in organization and
  then can implement such changes enable their
  organizations to be more flexible and innovative.

21
Factors to Consider When Changing an Organization

• These factors are (1) the change agent, (2)
  determining what should be changed, (3) the kind
  of change to make, (4) individuals affected by
  the change, and (5) evaluation of change.

22
The Change Agent

• The change agent might be a self-designated
  because of a special organization or possibly an
  outside consultant hired because of a special
  expertise in a particular area.

23
Determining What Should Be Changed

• In general, managers should make changes that
  increase organizational effectiveness.
• Organizational effectiveness is the result
  primarily of organizational activities centering
  around three main classes of factors (1) people,
  (2) structure, (3) technology.

24
The kind of Change to Make

• Most changes can be categorized as one of three
  kinds (1) technological change, (2) structural
  change, or (3) people change. These three kinds
  obviously correspond to the three main
  determinants of organizational effectiveness.

25
Describing Structural Change.

• These modifications are (1) clarifying and
  defining jobs (2) fitting the communication
  needs of the organization and (3) decentralizing
  the organization to reduce the cost of
  coordination, increase motivation, and gain
  greater flexibility.

26
Describing people Change

• People change emphasizes increasing
  organizational effectiveness by changing certain
  aspects of organization members. The focus of
  this kind of change is on such factors as
  employees attitudes and leadership skills.

27
Describing Technological Change

• To increase organizational efficiency or
  effectiveness, managers may want to change the
  equipment, the expert skills, the processes, or
  the sequence of activities used to produce goods
  and services.

28
Comprehension Questions
T

• .Technological breakthrough is one of the
  significant developments of continuous change of
  an organization.
• ..The organizational change changes government
  regulations.
• .. Flexibility and innovation appear as the
  result of a change.

F
T
29
1.2.2 Multiple- choice Questions

• The definition of changing an organization is
  concerned with .
• changing the organizational effectiveness
• accomplishing the organizational goals
• changing an existing organization
• modifying the organizational needs.

30
1.2.2 Multiple- choice Questions

• If managers use proper changes in their
  organizations, their organizations will be
  more..
• innovative and flexible
• successful and effective
• responsible and innovative
• responsible and flexible

31
1.2.3 Open-ended Questions

• What are the important factors in people change?
• Answer These factors are leadership skills and
  employees attitudes.

32
1.3 Translation Practice

• In addition to organizational change, some degree
  of stability is a prerequisite for long-term
  organizational success.
• ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???
  ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????

33
2Managing Creativity and Innovation
34
General Aims

• This unit has been designed to help you learn a
  number of key words of and some of the general
  words in meaningful contexts to expand your
  reading comprehension skills.

35
Behavioral Objectives

• After carefully reading this unit, you are
  expected to
• Define the meaning of the following key words and
  general words, and do the exercises.
• Do the comprehension exercises.
• Translate Passage into Persian.

36
Key Words and General Words

• A advertising, budget, craftsman, craftsmanship,
  firm, gatekeeper, industry, manufacture, network,
  profitability, store, test-marketing, tool
• B apt, barrier, competitive, engineering,
  expose, flexible, generate, inhibit, integration,
  intrigue, rate, rational, retrieve, stubborn,
  stubbornly, viable

37
2.1.3 Vocabulary Exercises Matching

• Column 1 Column II
• 1. profitability ( ) a. a place where goods are
  kept
• 2. flexible ( ) f. having the power of reason
• 3. store ( ) g. bringing advantage
• 4. tool ( ) h. that can change to be
• 5.rational suitable for new needs

3
5
1
2
38
2.1.4 Vocabulary Exercises Word Formation

• 1. The research groups ..to be the first to
  make the breakthrough.
  
• 2. Their manager has a .power of the mind.

compete
generative
39
2.1.5 Vocabulary Exercises Fill in the Blanks

• rational, refine, Competitive, cost
• Their prices are very .. .
• That wasnt very. thing to do.
• They need to oil in order to purify it and
  separate out the different elements.

competitive
rational
refine
40
Pre-reading Questions

• What are the definitions of innovation and
  creativity?
• What are the characteristics of creative people?
• How does an innovation play an important role in
  profitability and growth?

41
2.2 Reading

• Many management writers define creativity as the
  generation of a new idea and innovation as the
  translation of a new idea into a new company,
  product, service, process, or method of
  production.

42
Individual creativity

• Highly creative people tend to be more original
  than less creative people. Creative people also
  tend to be more flexible than non-creative people.

43
Organizational Creativity and Innovation

• Just as individuals differ in their ability to
  translate their creative talents into results,
  organizations differ in their ability to
  translate the talents of their members into new
  products, or services.

44
Generation of Ideas

• The generation of ideas in an organization
  depends first foremost on the flow of people and
  information between the firm and its environment.

45
Idea Development

• Idea development is dependent on the
  organizational culture and processes within the
  organization. Organizational characteristics,
  values, and processes can support or inhibit the
  development and use of creative ideas.

46
Implementation

• Stage of the creative process in organizations
  consists of those steps that bring a solution or
  invention to the marketplace. These steps include
  engineering, tooling, manufacturing, test
  marketing, and promotion.

47
Comprehension Questions2.2.1 True/False Questions

• 1. Less creative people refuse to change their
  opinions.
• 2. Individuals and organizations creativity
  differ.
• 3. The flow of people and information are not
  taken into consideration for generating ideas.

T
T
F
48
2.2.2 multiple-choice Questions

• 1. Creativity is defined as a newly .. idea.
• translated b. generated
• challenged c. encouraged
• 2. Creative people tend to be more
• dependable b. non-flexible
• original c. unmotivated

generated
original
49
2.2.3 Open-ended Questions

• What are the steps of the implementation stage of
  the creative process for manufactured goods?
• these factors are leadership skills and
  employees attitudes.

50
2.3 Translation Practice

• The innovative organization is characterized by
  the ability to channel its creative juices into
  useful outcomes.
• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????
  ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????
  ??????.

51
Self-assessment One Units 1 and 2

• Part One Vocabulary
• -The country is supported by Therefore, many
  workers will be needed in factories.
• advertising
• industry
• research
• innovation

52
Part Two Reading Comprehension

• Change and innovation are becoming a way of life
  for most people.
• Even the language is changing.
• New terms continue to emerge as new products are
  introduced or improved.

53
Comprehension Questions

• 1. With the improvement of the new productions,
  new.come into existence.
• technologies
• vocabularies
• techniques
• medias
• . We can conclude from the passage that changes
  are unavoidable in our lives.

T
54
Part Three Translation

• One specialized type of change is creativity, the
  process by which novel ideas are generated.
• ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???, ??????? ??
  ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???.

55
3Human Resource Management and the Organization
56
General Aims

• This unit has been designed to help you learn a
  number of key words of and some of the general
  words in meaningful contexts to expand your
  reading comprehension skills.

57
Behavioral Objectives

• After carefully reading this unit, you are
  expected to
• Define the meaning of the following key words and
  general words, and do the exercises.
• Do the comprehension exercises.
• Translate Passage into Persian.

58
Key words and General Words

• A benefit, board, compensation, conglomerate,
  expenditure, goal setting, job rotation, labor,
  payroll, pension, appraisal, recruit,
  recruitment, retirement, severance, stock,
  strategic planning, succession
• B breed, fresh out, fire, initiative, janitor,
  longevity, stability, stagnation

59
3.1.3 Vocabulary Exercises Matching

• Column 1 Column II
• Expenditure ( ) c. spending a lot of money
• Labor ( ) d. practical work
• Recruit ( ) g. find new people to join a
  
• Stock ( ) i. a supply of something
• succession or use

1
2
3
4
60
3.1.4 Vocabulary Exercises Word Formation

• 1. prices should remain ..for some months.
• 2. The of new workers took a long time. So
  they lost their bus.

stable
recruitment
61
3.1.5 Vocabulary Exercises Fill in the Blanks

• Convince, expenditure, chairman, company
• He managed to convince the . of his mistakes.
• The repair of his car requires a lot of.
• He was elected the . of the academic
  committee.

convince
expenditure
chairman
62
Pre-reading Questions

• What are the functions of the human resource
  management process?
• What is the role of the human resource management
  for achieving organizational goals?
• What are the processes of employees evaluation?

63
3.2 Reading Human Resource Management and the
Organization

• Human resource management is a comprehensive,
  integrated system for effectively managing the
  work force in the effort to achieve an
  organizations goals.

64
Meeting Organizational Goals

• Human resource managers must consider their
  organizations environment, resources, and goals.
  For example, take the human resource function of
  compensation as it relates to the companys
  economic environment and resources.

65
Developing Future Managers

• New management training programs emphasize
  problem solving and creativity, and job rotation
  is broadening managers experience and
  perspectives.

66
The Human Resource Management Process

• The human resource management process consists of
  six distinct steps human resource planning,
  staffing, training and development, compensation
  management, employee evaluation, and employee
  movement.

67
Comprehension Questions 3.2.1 True/False
Questions

• Companies economic environment
• and resources relate to the human resource
  function of compensation.
• ..Job rotation is one of the human resource
  functions which intends to increase managers
  experience and perspectives.

T
T
68
3.2.2 Multiple- choice Questions

• An organizations goals can be achieved by
  managing the work force through a (n) .
  system of the human resource management.
• appropriate and competitive
• comprehensive and integrated
• flexible and innovative
• competitive and flexible

69

• How many steps does the human resource management
  process include?
• Answer It includes six steps staffing, training
  and development, compensation management,
  employee evaluation and movement.

70
3.3 Translation Practice

• Once the organizations training needs have been
  identified, the human resources manager must
  initiate the appropriate training effort.
• ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??,
  ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????
  ???.

71
4 Organization Development
72
General Aims

• This unit has been designed to help you learn a
  number of key words of and some of the general
  words in meaningful contexts to expand your
  reading comprehension skills.

73
Behavioral Objectives

• After carefully reading this unit, you are
  expected to
• Define the meaning of the following key words and
  general words, do the exercises.
• Do the comprehension exercises.
• Translate a Passage into Persian.

74
Key words and General Words

• A action research, diagnose, feedback,
  hierarchical, intervention, merger, operative,
  organizational development, process consultation,
  sensitivity training, team building, t-group
  training, transaction analysis
• B attendance, collaborative, confrontation,
  destructive, empowerment, encompass, exploit,
  exploration, obscure, remedial.

75
4.1.3 Vocabulary Exercises Matching

• Column 1 Column II
• precaution ( ) d. statements of opinion
  about something
• obscure ( ) 1. use for advantage
• exploit ( ) m. involvement in a situation
• Intervention ( ) n. make less clear
• Voluntary
• feedback ( ) o. action take in advance to
  avoid danger

6
3
4
2
1
76
4.1.4 Vocabulary Exercises Word Formation

• 1. Some people think its wrong to spend money on
  ... space.
• 2. The of a big new machine can be hard to
  learn.

explore
operation
77
4.1.5 Vocabulary Exercises Fill in the Blanks

• Widespread hierarchy permanent,
• feedback
• Such ideas are very .among creative and
  innovative managers.
• There is a .in the classification of all
  living creatures.
• He is one of our employees.

Widespread
hierarchy
permanent
78
Pre-reading Questions

• What is organizational development?
• What are the aims of organizational development?
• What are the types of organizational development
  activities?
• What is the role of T group in an organization?

79
4.2 ReadingOrganizational Development

• Although OD frequently includes structural and
  technological changes, its primary focus is on
  changing people and the nature and quality of
  their working relationships.
• Formally, OD has been defined as

Continued.
80

• a top-management-supported, long-range effort to
  improve an organizations problem-solving and
  renewal process.
• Problem-solving process refers to the
  organizations methods of dealing with the
  threats and opportunities

Continued.
81

• in its environment, while renewal process refers
  to the way managers adapt their problem- solving
  processes to the environment.
• Collaborative management means that managers put
  aside the hierarchical authority structure

Continued.
82
Types of OD Activities

• Change agents have many techniques and
  intervention approaches available to them, not
  all of which will be used in a given change
  program.

83
OD for the Individual

• Participants are usually screened to make sure
  they can withstand the anxiety raised by a T
  group. Precautions are also taken to ensure that
  attendance is truly voluntary.

84
OD for two or three people

• Translation analysis (TA) concentrates on styles
  and content of communication (transactions or
  messages) between people. It teaches people to
  send messages that are clear and responsible.

85
OD for Team or Groups

• Team building analyzes the activities, resource
  allocations, and relationships of a group or team
  to improve its effectiveness. And to develop a
  sense of unity among members of a new committee.

Continued.
86

• Team- building activities aim at diagnosing
  barriers to effective team performance, improving
  tasks accomplishment, improving relationships
  between team members, and improving processes
  operative in the team, such as communication and
  task assignment.

87
OD for Intergroup Relations

• This is a one-day meeting of all of an
  organizations managers in which they discuss
  problems, analyze the underlying used after a
  major organizations.

88
OD for the Total Organization

• The survey feedback technique can be used to
  improve the operations of the total organization.
  It involves conducting attitude and other surveys
  and systematically reporting the results to
  organization members.

89
Comprehension Questions4.2.1 True/False Questions

• 1. Renewal process is the adaptation of
  managers problem-solving processes.
• 2. ..Intervention approach is one of the
  organizational activities used by change
  agents.
• 3. Organizational development employs survey
  feedback technique to introduce remedial
  actions.

T
T
F
90
4.2.2 Multiple- choice Questions

• Organizational development originally deals with
  changing the.
• organization
• people
• top-managers
• environment

91

• 2. The renewal process refers to the
• way managers adapt their problems solving
  processes to the environment
• sharing of power with their new employees
• changing of the organizational culture
• modifying the new members attitudes

92

• 3. According to the passage, collaborative
  management is defined as a (n)
• involvement of employees in decision making.
• exploration of the data
• planning of appropriate action
• making of research

93

• - One of the most important precautions for
  participating in T group is that the
• participants must be volunteers
• leaders must be responsible
• organization must have messages
• communication analysis is usefull

94
4.2.2 Multiple- choice Questions

• Transactional analysis is concerned with
• consulting the employee
• sending clear and responsible messages.
• putting aside style and content of messages
• recognizing the address of people

list
95
4.2.3 Open-ended Questions

• How can the assessment of the health of the
  organization be determined?
• Answer By the confrontation meeting

96
4.2.3 Open-ended Questions

• - What are the aims of team building for both
  permanent and new groups?
• - Answer Diagnosing barriers to effective team
  performance, improving task accomplishment,
  improving relationship between team members, and
  improving communication and task assignment.

97
4.2.3 Open-ended Questions

• What is the team building activity?
• Answer It can be used to develop a sense of
  unity among members of a new committee.

list
98
4.3 Translation Practice

• As a specialized process of organizational
  change, OD is based on Kurt Lewins data
  collection and diagnosis, and formal feedback and
  evaluation of the results.

list
99

• ????
• ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ????
  ??? ???? (Kurt Lewin) ? ???????? ????? ? ????????
  ????? ???.

list
100
Self-assessment Two Units 3 and 4
Part one Vocabulary

• He has to spend three months of the year away
  from home-but there are -----------------like
  extra wages and free time.
• expenditures
• compensations
• appraisals
• regulations

list
101

• The management have offered employees one week
  for each six months they have worked at the
  company.
• stagnation
• regulation
• stability
• severance

list
102
Part Two Reading Comprehension

• When forecasting human resource needs, an
  organization must determine the number of
  employees required, the skills they must have,
  and when they will be required.

list
103

• Changes in organizational goals and strategies
  create new positions and change old ones.
  Automation reduces the need for some skills and
  increases the need for others.

list
104

• Many organizations forecast short- term personnel
  demand through the budgeting process, in which
  managers estimate the number of employees
  demanded by their units goals.A

list
105
Comprehension Questions

• An organization can determine the number of its
  employees and their skills by ..
• planning personal changes
• forecasting its human resource needs
• requiring volunteer employees
• changing its organizational structure

list
106

• B
• 1..The creation of new positions appears on the
  human resource demand.
• 2...The budgeting process can help to determine
  short-term personnel demand.

T
T
list
107
Part Three Translation

• A organizational development (OD) is a
  long-term, effort managed from the top, and aims
  to improve organization effectiveness and health
  by using behavioral science techniques to
  deliberately intervene in organizational
  processes.

list
108

• ????
• ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????
  ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??
  ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
  ?? ????????? ??????? ???.

list