Industrialization and the American Landscape, Part 2

1
Industrialization and the American Landscape,
Part 2

• 1850s-1940s

2
The Standards

• SS7, Strand 1, C 7 Emergence of the Modern
  United States
• PO 4 Describe the relationship between
  immigration and industrialization
• PO 5 Analyze the impact of industrialization on
  the U.S.
• PO 7 Describe how innovations of the Industrial
  Revolution contributed to U.S. growth and
  expansion
• Strand 4, C 4 Human Systems
• PO 4 Analyze how social, physical, and economic
  resources influence where human populations
  choose to live
• C 5 Environment and Society
• PO 1 Identify the physical processes (e.g.,
  conservation, mining) that influence the
  formation and location of resources
• PO 3 Describe how humans modify the environments
  and adapt to the environment
• PO 4 Describe the positive and negative outcomes
  of human modification on the environment
• Strand 5, C 2 Microeconomics
• PO 3 Describe how investment in physical capital
  leads to economic growth
• PO 10 Describe the governments investment in
  physical capital
• SS8, Strand 1, C 8 Great Depression and WWII
• PO 3 Describe how New Deal programs affected the
  American people (CCC)
• Strand 4, C 4 Human Systems
• PO 4 Identify the factory that influence the
  location, distribution and interrelationships of
  economic activities in different regions.
• PO 7 Describe how changes in technology,
  transportation, communication, and resources
  affect economic development.
• C 5 Environment and Society

3
Factors of Production

• By 1900, the United States out-produced all other
  nations.
• This economic growth depended on 3 factors of
  production
• 1. Capital wealth in the form of money or
  property.
• 2. Labor work for wages
• 3. Natural Resources supplied by nature

4
Factors of Production

• Capital was scarce in 19th century America until
  WWI, U.S. industry depended largely on foreign
  investment (investments made in the U.S. and
  drawn from banks outside the U.S.).
• Labor was in short supplya condition that
  largely accounts for the high level of
  immigration to the US in the 19th and early 20th
  century.
• The U.S. had an abundance of natural resources,
  however, particularly minerals and timber.

5
American Industrial Development

• Plentiful resources combined with a shortage of
  capital and labor created an imbalance in
  American industrial development a heavy
  dependence on resource exploitation.
• - exploitation the act of making some area of
  land or water more profitable or productive
• To remedy the imbalance, beginning in the 1860s,
  American policy makers enacted legislation that
  opened the natural resources of the West to
  industrial use.

-industry the segment of the economy concerned
with the production of goods -industrial
development refers to large-scale production
6
Legislation to use resources

• Land grants to railroad companies, beginning with
  the Pacific Railway Act of 1862, donated 131
  million acres10 of the public domainfor
  logging or other exploitation to support railroad
  construction.
• The Mineral Resources Act of 1866 made available
  mining lands for 5 per acre.
• The General Mining Law of 1872 opened up the
  pacific domain to mining claims for small fees.

• -legislation a proposed or enacted law or group
  of laws
• -land grant gift of real estate (land or
  privileges) made by the government
• -public domain land owned or controlled by the
  state or federal government

7
Resources in the private sector

• The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 sold forests and
  mining lands on the public domain for 2.50 per
  acre.
• Through these acts, the federal government from
  the early 1860s until the last decade of the 19th
  century funneled natural resources in the West
  into the private sector at well below the market
  price.

-private sector part of the economy that exists
for profit and is not controlled by the
state -market price cost of a good or service
8
Logging definitions

• Logging the process in which trees are cut down
  for timber. Timber is harvested to supply raw
  material for the wood products industry including
  logs for sawmills and pulpwood for the pulp and
  paper industry.
• Sawmill a facility were logs are cut to length.
• Pulpwood soft wood, such as spruce, aspen, fir,
  or pine, used in making paper.
• Board foot one foot length of a board one foot
  wide and one inch thick

9
Elk City Sawmill, Oregon 1926
10
Cutting a sitka spruce, B.C., Canada 1900.
Oregon's largest Sitka Spruce
11
A Washington Fir 9 Feet in Diameter 1900
12
Railroads

• Railroads spurred the exploitation of natural
  resources in the West.
• Logging companies built their own railroads to
  get access to remote forestlands.
• The first railroad in California was built in
  1854 in Humboldt Countythe center of the coastal
  redwood beltto transport logs.

13
Great Northern Railway in the Cascade Mountains,
WA, 1900
14
Crew aboard Independence Logging Co.'s
locomotive, WA 1925
15
Locomotive with log train and crew, Clemons
Logging Co., WA,1926
16
Crew and woman with Donovan-Corkery Logging Co.'s
locomotive and log train at railroad logging
camp, WA 1928
17
Apex Timber Co. Shay Engine on log jam trestle,
WA 1925
18
Logging

• Even before passage of the Timber and Stone Act,
  forests on public lands were logged heavily.
• Until the last decade of the 19th century,
  according to legal historian Charles Wilkinson,
  federal timber was effectively open for the
  taking, much as was the case with federal
  minerals and rangeland. (Isenberg 88)
• Altogether, between 1860 and 1910, over 150
  million acres of forestlands in the U.S. were
  cleared.

19
Industrial logging

• A term that implies large scale logging.
  Virtually all trees in an area are cut down.
  Sometimes the smaller diameter trees or damaged
  trees are left behind on the ground.

20
Timber Industry in the West

• Between 1860 and 1910 the timber industry was
  centered in the upper Midwest, but production in
  the Far West was on the rise.
• In 1849, California produced 5,000 million board
  feet of lumber per year
• Oregon about 17,000
• Washington about 4,000
• By 1900, California and Oregon each produced
  700,000 million board feet and Washington
  produced as much as Oregon and California
  combined.

21
Logging in Idaho

• The rapid increase in lumber harvesting was
  reflected in Idaho, where 65 million board feet
  of lumber were cut in 1899.
• By 1910, Idaho produced 745 million board feet
  and its markets had shifted from local to
  national. Idaho employment of loggers, rafters,
  or sawmill workers increased from just over 300
  in 1880, to more than 8,000 in 1920, and to
  14,900 in 1995.

22
Logger Oregon, 1891
23
A team of men and animals cut and move the timber
Oregon, 1891
24
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25
Old Growth in Oregon, 1905

• Old growth" timber was enormous. It is
  difficult to imagine just how big it was.
• Old growth now exists mostly in National Parks.
• When people speak of old growth this is most
  likely second growth timber, and not the trees
  found in the Northwest that were hundreds of
  years old when Europeans first arrived.

26
Old growth in the Mt. Rainier National Park,
Washington, 1908
27
Postcard that illustrates the size of the
original timber.
28
Logging for land

• During the 19th century, American settlers also
  cut down the forest just to clear land.
• The land was worth more than the trees, and
  old-growth forests were simply cleared and
  burned.
• According to the chief forester of the United
  States, "By the turn of the century the greatest,
  swiftest, the most efficient, and the most
  appalling wave of forest destruction in human
  history was .... swelling to its climax in the
  United States and the American people were glad
  of it!" (Pinchot, 19471).

29
Logging consequences

• Places in the West suffered significant
  environmental consequences.
• In 1870, the California Board of Forestry
  estimated that one third of the forests in the
  state had already been cut.

30
Logging videos

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4zSQ5mJRYygfeature
  related (441)
• Logging video, probably 1900s, that
  details
• the steps involved in logging
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v_wFJpjODDW8 (226)
• Cutting the Big Timber circa 1900
• Video of a temporary camp and portable saw
  mill around the pines of Northern California.

31
Logging Camps

• In the early 1900s lumber companies needed large
  crews of men who would work 12- to 14-hour-days
  at a forest site that was often far from the
  nearest town.
• It became necessary for the companies to set up
  logging camps for the workers to live.
• The sleeping quarters might be dark, humid,
  foul-smelling places. In cold weather stoves
  provided heat, but ventilation was poor, and damp
  clothing and laundry might not dry in time for
  the next workday.

32
Logging camp in California, 1910.
33
Anderson Middleton Lumber Co. camp, Grays
Harbor County, WA 1918
34
Logging Camp, Wynooche Timber Co., WA 1921
35
Camp cooks

• Cooks in logging camps were extremely important
  to the success of the operation. A cook who could
  provide good, hearty meals to loggers kept the
  crews happy and contributed to the success of the
  company. A bad cook could cause discontent among
  the men and cause them to quit and move on to a
  better run camp.
• The loggers ate enormous quantities of food, an
  average of 8,000 calories a day, in order to have
  the stamina for the work of one 10-14 hour shift.
  
• The cook arose at 330 or 400am and had
  breakfast ready before 600. The call to meals
  was a blast on a cows horn, beating on an iron
  triangle or a gong made from a circular saw
  blade.

36
Mess Hall Crew, Lewis Mills Timber Co. Camp, WA
1922
37
Mess hall crew and child outside hall, Polson
Logging Co.'s railroad camp, WA 1930
38
Mess hall crew and child at logging camp, North
Western Lumber Co., WA
39
Camp meals

• No talking was allowed at meals, other than to
  ask for food to be passed, and most meals were
  consumed within 12 minutes. A good logging camp
  cook could routinely produce meals that compared
  favorably with those served in fine hotels.
• A survey of logging camps in the Northwest in the
  1930s found the following items frequently
  served corned beef, ham, bacon, pork, roast
  beef, chops, steaks, hamburger, chicken, oysters,
  cold cuts, potatoes, barley, macaroni, boiled
  oats, sauerkraut, fresh and canned fruits,
  berries, jellies and jams, pickles, carrots,
  turnips, biscuits, breads, pies, cakes,
  doughnuts, puddings, custards, condensed or fresh
  milk, coffee and tea. Breakfast and dinner were
  served in the cookhouse.

40
Families

• Accommodations for families varied, but many were
  limited in logging camps. Families lived in small
  shacks provided by the lumber company.
• Children were often educated in one-room schools
  set up at the camp. Because the families moved
  frequently and lived in isolated places, it was
  difficult for children to make lasting
  friendships and they did not usually attend
  schools in town until they reached high school.

41
Children in front of school building,
Weyerhaeuser Timber Co. WA
42
Family on disconnected flatbed railroad car with
large log.
43
Family, Manley-Moore Lumber Co., WA, 1927
44
Manley-Moore Lumber Company

• Manley-Moore Lumber Co. was in business from 1910
  to 1934. In 1909 the company moved its operations
  to a tract of old growth timber east of Fairfax
  in eastern Pierce County. The company built a
  large sawmill, a lumber yard, and buildings for
  workers on the south side of the Carbon River,
  and the town was named Manley-Moore. The plant
  operated until the early 1930s.
• "...the company built the Manley-Moore School, a
  large two-storey structure. The lower level had a
  wooden divider, which sectioned the main room
  into two separate rooms. Grades 1 through 6 were
  taught there. The teachers' quarters were in the
  back section of the building...On Friday night
  someone would roll back the big wooden divider,
  converting the schoolhouse into a motion picture
  theater."

45
Asian crews

• Workers from Japan, China, the Philippines and
  other Asian countries often worked in the logging
  camps and sawmills.
• In the logging camps, they usually constructed
  and maintained the logging railroad tracks. In
  the sawmills, Asian workers were usually assigned
  to work the green line (an area of sawmill
  where freshly milled lumber is pulled from the
  conveyors and stacked) and at the millpond, two
  dangerous and low-paying work areas.
• Asian workers had separate housing, either
  bunkhouses or family housing.

46
Japanese Workers and Families, Manley-Moore
Lumber Co., WA, 1927
47
Manley-Moore Lumber Company

• The families living at company camp included 6
  families of Russian ancestry and a large number
  of families of Japanese heritage.
• The Japanese workers and their families lived on
  the far side of the mill, beyond the millpond and
  near the train tracks.
• The company imported their native foods, so the
  cuisine for the camp was quite varied. In
  addition, the Japanese workers shocked the men of
  European heritage by consuming the live bodies of
  a native grub which lived under the bark of
  certain logs brought to the mill. The shocked
  looks on the faces of their fellow workers did
  not deter the Japanese, who felt equal disgust at
  the enjoyment of certain others who ate raw
  oysters.

48
Develop a story

• Imagine yourself living in a logging camp in a
  tent at the far edge of the workers quarters. You
  can be a child, a teenager, a newly married
  parent or a logger who has just brought his
  family out to the lumber camp from town. You may
  have migrated here to find work.
• What would young children do with their day when
  it rainedfor twelve days in a row? How do you
  imagine the mother would spend her day? How would
  she keep her children clean and healthy?
• Develop a story about what would it be like to
  live there.

49
Forests go to war

• During WWI, the federal government turned logging
  over to the army.
• The Spruce Production Division of the Signal
  Corps, created in 1917, produced 180 million
  board feet of timber, 120 million of it for the
  Allies.
• The Forest Service could no longer supervise
  logging operations, and conservation was
  incompatible with the war effort.

50
WWI / IWW

• During the war, the Industrial Workers of the
  World (IWW) organized western loggers as well as
  miners and railroad workers.
• In July of 1917, a 3 month strike slowed
  production, and when the pro-union workers
  returned to work in September, they continued a
  work slow-down that caused a shortage of spruce
  for airplane production.
• The government intervened by sending Lt. Brice P.
  Disque to try to resolve the situation.

51
Labor Unions

• The Spruce Production Division of the Signal
  Corps, under Lt. Disque, was charged with the
  responsibility of breaking the strike and
  destroying the influence of the Wobblies.
• This led to the formation of the Loyal Legion of
  Loggers and Lumbermen (4L)a company union
  representing both loggers and their bosses.
• 4L remained in place until New Deal legislation
  banned company unions.

52
Additional Information Labor Unions/ WWI

• For more information visit http//www.lib.washing
  ton.edu/specialcoll/exhibits/kinsey/spruce.html
• For the following NY Times article, printed Jul
  22, 1918, visit
• http//query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res9A
  01E6DC1F38E533A25751C2A9619C946996D6CF
• SPEED PRODUCTION OF SPRUCE LUMBER Army Aims to
  Increase Output from Northwest to Thirty Billion
  Feet a Month. 16,000 MEN ARE ENGAGED This Force
  Will Be Doubled by Government in an Effort to
  Supply the Airplane Demand. 11,000,000,000 Feet
  in Two States. (WA and OR)

53
Civilian Conservation Corps

• The CCCfounded in 1933 as a work relief and
  conservation agencyorganized to address
  unemployment and deforestation.
• The CCC formed a standing army of forest fire
  fighters. Their tree-planting projects
  represented mass attacks agains centuries of
  timber exploitation.
• William Greeley, Chief of the U.S. Forest
  Service, 1920-1928. Quoted in Knobloch 35.

54
War training / production

• When the U.S. entered WWII, the CCC was
  discontinued.
• Many of the CCC officers and boys performed
  military duty in the war, and some people
  believed that by giving more that 3 million men
  military-style experience and job training, the
  CCC had helped win the war.
• In the mid-1940s, the uses of forest labor,
  western timber, and professional forestry
  expertise again shifted to war production.

55
WWII

• As War progressed in Europe, the Allies (esp.
  France and Britain) need for wood increased
  timber production in the U.S..
• WWII began for American forests in 1940 with an
  order from the War Department for 2 billion board
  feet of timber. Much of this timber came from
  Washington and Oregon.
• Western forests were especially valuable.
  Oldgrowth Sitka spruce, found only in the
  northwestern coastal forests of Oregon,
  Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska, was cut
  in great quantities primarily to produce
  aircraft.
• Timber would be used not to build combat planes,
  as it was in WWI, but to construct training and
  other planes.

56
Technology

• The war effort led to mechanized logging
  technologies.
• Loggers used motor-driven chain saws instead of
  crosscut saws.
• A tree felled in 2 hrs by 2 men with a crosscut
  saw could be felled in 18 minutes by 1 man with a
  chain saw!

57
Forester concerns

• Foresters in the 1940s were concerned that the
  destructive logging of WWI not be repeated.
• Earle Clapp, Chief of the Forest Service wrote
• The story of what happened in 1917 and 1918 is
  only too vivid in the memory of many. Trees by
  the thousands were felled and left to decay on
  the ground. Areas were cut clean, the few logs
  with grain suitable for aircraft taken out, the
  remainder left where they fell to attract fire,
  insects and disease. Probably not in the history
  of American loggingand it has many black
  pageshas such reckless, useless waste of
  valuable and limited timber resource been
  recorded.

58

• As American forests became valuable
  commodities, they became potential targets for
  the enemy as well. This created concern and
  paranoia
• regarding forest protection.
• FIRE was the main concern, and
• in the 1940s a new emphasis on human fires
  blurred the distinction between Japanese enemies
  and Americans.
• The U.S. Forest Service, with the help of the
  Pacific Marine Supply Company, ran this full-page
  ad in 1942 that featured a caricature of Hirohito
  grinning over a lighted match and a picture of a
  burned forest.

59
Fire protection

• While most paranoid scenarios about enemy fires
  did not materialize, the Forest Service became
  the centerpiece of the national system of fire
  protection.
• War revolutionized the labor and tools of forest
  fire fighting.
• The shortage of male fire-fighting labor, made
  the use of women necessary.
• During the summer of 1942, the Forest Service
  employed women for the first time on the forest
  fire front. (Knobloch 43. Quote from On the
  Forest Fire Front, 247.)

60
A national resource

• American forests underwent a process of
  deforestation for various reasons
• Economic
• Military
• Agricultural
• As war uses expanded the market for trees and
  increased forest exploitation, the ever
  increasing value of the forest coupled with the
  loss of this national resource raised concern
  over regulation and preservation of the forests.

61
Mining
62
Mining for gold

• Mining for gold in California required
  technological advances that were hard on the
  environment.
• Gold in CA was located in placer deposits, in
  which nuggets, dust, or flakes were exposed among
  gravel.
• The earliest people to arrive during the Gold
  Rush took the most easily available gold,
  concentrating on panning in the gravel of
  riverbeds.

63
Hydraulic mining

• Once the surface gold had been removed, miners
  turned to more invasive technology such as
  hydraulic mining.
• Many miners moved from being individual workers
  to becoming employees of large hydraulic mining
  corporations.
• The newer method of gold mining used water
  cannons to wash gold-bearing gravel through
  sluices (trough), like a pan, to separate heavier
  gold from lighter soil.

64
Pollution from mining

• 1 or even 2 tons of debris had to be washed away
  to get one ounce of gold. This resulted in
  millions of tons of debris washed into
  Californias rivers.
• The debris caused extensive environmental damage
  by flooding and polluting downstream farms and
  clogging passages for migrating salmon.
• From California, hydraulic mining technology
  spread to Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and the Black
  Hills of South Dakota between the 1860s and
  1880s.

65
Resources on gold mining

• For an explanation of gold mining including the
  difference between placer mining and lode (or
  hard rock mining) visit
• http//wells.entirety.ca/lode.htm
• The following website explains the main
  components of gold mining within the context of
  the California Gold Rush. The site is concise and
  user friendly and includes a list of
  environmental and other effects of the Gold Rush
  on California.
• http//virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/ghayes/goldrush.h
  tm

66
Lode mining

• Lode mining, unlike placer mining required heavy
  stamp machinery to crush rock.
• Railroads were largely responsible for expanding
  lode mining throughout the interior West.
• Lode mining spread from the Comstock region of
  Nevada throughout the interior West.
• Likewise, the arrival of the Northern Pacific
  Railroad to Butte, Montana, in 1881, made
  possible a shift from the mining of the dwindling
  silver supply to copper.

67
Mining and Railroads

• Phelps Dodge mining company opened copper mines
  around Bisbee, Arizona that greatly benefited
  when the the Southern Pacific Railroad completed
  its second transcontinental link at Deming, NM in
  1882.
• Between 1890 and 1913, copper extraction and
  processing soared from 14 million pounds to over
  157 million pounds.
• Phelps Dodge affected how towns such as Bisbee
  and Douglas, Arizona would look including
  towering smokestacks that discharged toxic
  emissions across the landscape.

68
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69
Bisbee Mines
70
Mining and the Environment

• Copper production and urban growth also radically
  altered the environment.
• The Phelps Dodge operation in Bisbee created
  atmospheric and water pollution problems
  associated with smelting copper ore.
• The company also clear-cut timber from the
  surrounding Mule Mountains while its cattle herds
  overgrazed the hillside range both activities
  increased the frequency of, and destruction
  caused by, floods that periodically swept through
  town.

71
194?
72
Wilderness as recreation

• The increasing deforestation and mining debris in
  the West had an interesting cultural consequence
  a rising interest in wilderness as a recreational
  space.
• Having previously encountered western
  environments as hunters, farmers, ranchers,
  loggers, and miners, Americans now came as
  tourists.

73
Conservation

• According to William Cronon, in the late 19th
  century as the wilderness disappeared, urban
  Americans created the first national parks in
  Yosemite in 1864 and Yellowstone in 1872.
• The Commodification of nature in the 19th century
  West created not only the industrial landscape of
  hydraulic mines and cut-over forests, but the
  recreational space of the national parks.

-Commodification to turn into or tread as a
product that can be processed and resold
74
Conservation

• For more information on the conservation movement
  visit
• http//memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/97/conser1/xro
  ads.html
• The site includes sources, timeline, lesson
  plans, etc.

75
Sources/Resources

• General
• Andrew C. Isenberg, Environment and the
  Nineteenth-Century West Or, Process Encounters
  Place, in A Companion to the American West,
  edited by William Deverell (Malden,
  Massachusetts Blackwell Publishing, 2004) pp.
  77-92
• David Igler, Engineering the Elephant
  Industrialism and the Environment in the Greater
  West, in A Companion to the American West,
  edited by William Deverell (Malden,
  Massachusetts Blackwell Publishing, 2004) pp.
  93-111.
• Frieda Knobloch, The Culture of Wilderness
  Agriculture As Colonization in the American West
  (Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press,
  1996).
• http/www.thefreedictionary.com/
• Logging
• http//landru.i-link-2.net/shnyves/Historic_Loggin
  g_Images.html
• www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca
• http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/CategorySeattle
  _and_the_Orient
• http//www.traveloregon.com/Explore20Oregon/Orego
  n20Coast/Attractions/Outdoors20and20Nature/Kloo
  tchy20Creek20Giant20Oregons20Largest20Sitka2
  0Spruce.aspx
• http//www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/exhibits/timemach/
  galler09/frames/main.htm
• http//landru.i-link-2.net/shnyves/Historic_Loggin
  g_Images.html
• http//www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/temprain/trlogging
  .html
• http//www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/temprain/trglossar
  y.html
• http//www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/exhibits
  /kinsey/camplife.html
• http//www.alberni.info/logger.html A History of
  Logging comprehensive list of links
• http//www.people.fas.harvard.edu/bestor/US_anti-
  Japanese_propaganda_files.htm fire propaganda
• http//www.lib.washington.edu/specialcoll/exhibits
  /kinsey/spruce.html includes information on the
  IWW.

76

• Mining
• http//www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/Galleri
  es/Logging.html wonderful resource on western
  mining history
• www.azcu.org/publicationsHistory6.php Arizona
  Mining Association, teacher resources available
  at http//www.azcu.org/teachersCommodity1.php
• http//www.bisbeemuseum.org/ Bisbee Mining and
  Historic Museum, site includes images and
  information on the mining camp of Bisbee,
  Arizona.
• http//www.gearedsteam.com/willamette/willam-i01.h
  tm railroad/mining images
• http//content.ci.pomona.ca.us/cdm4/browse.php?CI
  SOSORTdate7CrCISOSTART11,281 (image)

77

• The following images can be used in conjunction
  with the article
• Illegal Timber Cutting Extensive Degradations
  of Logging on the Chippewa Indian Reservations
  Los Angeles Times, April 21, 1901.

78
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79

• Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, May 30, 1889
• Beyond the Wagon Bridge over the Chippewa River
  is the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Co.'s "Big Mill"

80
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81

• Jim Falls of the Chippewa River
• Chippewa County, Wisconsin, 1909Chippewa Lumber
  Boom Co. drive.
• For more images visit
• http//www.library.wisc.edu/etext/WIReader/Galleri
  es/Logging.html