Radio

1
Radio Wireless Rules SeminarBengalooru,
IndiaNovember 16, 2006
2
Radio Wireless Rules Seminar
Kokopelli

• Bangalooru, India
• November 16, 2006
• by
• Desmond Fraser and
• Mike Violette
• sales_at_atcb.com
• AmericanTCB, Inc.
• 6731 Whittier Avenue, Suite C110
• McLean, VA 22101
• Office 703-847-4700
• Fax [phone]

3
Handy Links

• FCC Grantee Code, Tools and other information
  http//www.atcb.com/techlib.asp

4
AmericanTCB

• Accredited by ANSI to ISO Guide 65 for
  certification of wireless devices
• NIST NVLAP approved to ISO Guide 17025
• Canadian FCB, European Notified Body NB Number
  1588
• Responsible for 1200 Certifications for the US,
  Canada and Europe
• Locations in Taiwan, Shenzen, Beijing and
  Shanghai

5
ATCB Goals

• Explore the wireless certification market in
  India
• Provide training and expertise to laboratories
  and wireless development firms
• Seminar to introduce FCC, IC and EU Standards

6
Overview of Todays Seminar

• US Electronics Market
• FCC Regulations
• Required Tests for Unlicensed Devices
• New Technology Trends
• European Requirements

7
US Electronics Industry

• 550B Industry
• 200B Export Industry in 2003
• Telecom export market 4.5B

8
US Import Market Electronics
9
Wireless Devices in the US

• Six thousand new products approved every year in
  the US
• More than 50 come from Asia (predominantly
  Taiwan, China, Japan and Korea)
• Expansion of RF Spectrum providing new
  opportunities, products and services

10
New Technologies and Opportunities 10 Years of
Wireless Evolution

• WiFi
• Cellular
• GSM
• BPL Broadband over Power Line
• RFID Radio Frequency Identification
• UWB Ultrawideband
• OFDM, agile TXs
• UNII Unlicensed National Information
  Infrastructure
• WiMax
• 3G
• SDR Software Defined Radio

Current technologies
11
Routes to Compliance

• US Federal Communications Commission
• Title 47 CFR
• Telecommunications Certification Bodies
• FCC Identifier Certification
• EU RTTE (EMCSafety)
• Self-Declaration
• CE Marking
• Notified Body/Conformity Assessment Body (CAB)
• Technical Construction File
• CE Marking

12
FCC CFR Title 47 Regulations

• Part 2 General Requirements
• Part 5 Experimental Radio Service
• Part 15 Subpart C, D, and E Unlicensed Low Power
  Transmitters
• Part 20 Common Carrier
• Part 21 Domestic Public Service
• Part 22 Public Mobile Service
• Part 24 Licensed PCS

http//www.gpoaccess.gov/ecfr/
13
FCC CFR 47 Regulations

• Part 25 Satellite Communication Services
• Part 26 General Wireless services
• Part 27 Miscellaneous Wireless Services
• Part 68 Telecom Services
• Part 73 Education Services
• Part 74 Television Broadcast
• Part 80 Maritime Service

14
FCC CFR 47 Regulations

• Part 87 Aviation
• Part 90 Private Land Mobile
• Part 95 Personal Radio Service
• Part 97 Amateur Radio
• Part 100 Digital Satellite Broadcast (Eliminated
  and now requirements are in Part 25)
• Part 101 Fixed Microwave

15
FCC Part 15.1 Scope

• This part sets out the regulations under which an
  intentional, unintentional, or incidental
  radiator may be operated without an individual
  license. It also contains the technical
  specifications, administrative requirements and
  other conditions relating to the marketing of
  part 15 devices.

16
FCC Part 15.15 General Technical Requirements

• Good Design. Emanations lt Limits
• No adjustments by user
• Operators of Part 15 devices must cease operation
  if interference is caused to authorized users

17
Measurement Standards

• ANSI C63.42003 Methods of Measurement of
  Radio-Noise Emissions from Low-Voltage Electrical
  and Electronic Equipment in the Range of 9 kHz to
  40 GHz

18
Certification

• Equipment Authorizations
• Requires a detailed list of Exhibits
• See 2.1033 for complete details
• Essentially, two classes
• Licensed (e.g. Part 90, VHF/UHF Radios)
• Unlicensed (e.g. Part 15, Much of the wireless
  development is unlicensed (802.11, WLAN, UWB, Low
  Power Devices)

19
Certification Application Items

• Cover Letters
• Request for Confidentiality (if desired)
• Modifications 
• Test Report from Lab
• Users Manual
• Schematics 
• Block Diagram 
• Test Setup Photographs from Lab 
• Internal/External Photographs by Lab 
• FCC ID Label Artwork 
• FCC Label Position on Device  
• Operational Description  
• Attestation Statements (for Transmitters)

20
FCC ID

• FCC ID AAAnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
• AAA is Grantee Code from FCC. Need to get the
  Grantee Code from FCC
• nnnnnnnnnnnnnn is from Manufacturer
• Get grantee code from web site
• https//gullfoss.fcc.gov/prod/oet/index.html
• Cost 65 (one time only)

The FCC ID number must be on all Certified
Devices
21
FCC Part 2 RequirementsBasis for Rules
22
Test Report Requirements

• Designed to show transmitter is well-behaved
• 2.1046 Output Power
• 2.1047 Modulation Requirements
• 2.1049 Occupied Bandwidth
• 2.1051 Antenna Conducted Spurs
• 2.1053 Transmitter Radiated Spurs
• 2.1055 Frequency Stability

23
15.33 Frequency range of radiated measurements

• Intentional Emitters
• f lt 10 GHz to the tenth harmonic of the highest
  fundamental frequency or to 40 GHz, whichever is
  lower.
• 10 GHz lt f lt 30 GHz fifth harmonic of the
  highest fundamental frequency or to 100 GHz,
  whichever is lower.
• f gt fifth harmonic of the highest fundamental
  frequency or to 200 GHz, whichever is lower,
  unless specified otherwise elsewhere in the
  rules.

24
15.33 Frequency range of radiated measurements

• Unintentional Emitters
• Highest frequency generated or used in the device
  or on which the device operates or Upper
  frequency of tunes (MHz) measurement range (MHz)
• Below 1.705.............................30
• 1.705-108.................................1000
• 108-500................................... 2000
• 500-1000..................................5000
• Above 1000..............................5th
  harmonic or 40 GHz, whichever is lower
• 15.33(b)(2) See exceptions for CB radios

25
15.203 Antenna Requirements

• 15.203 Antenna requirement. - An intentional
  radiator shall be designed to ensure that no
  antenna other than that furnished by the
  responsible party shall be used with the device.
  
• Unique connector
• Permanently affixed
• Professional Installation

26
15.205 Restricted Bands

• Bands are generally US Government, military
  bands, Biomedical Telemetry
• The field strength of emissions appearing within
  these frequency bands shall not exceed the limits
  shown in 15.209.
• Basis for all radiated band edge requirements
  (i.e. 2483.5MHz).
• Caution Restricted Bands change over time

27
AC Conducted Limits 15.207

• Unless specified elsewhere, all Intentional
  Radiators must meet 15.207 limits anywhere
  outside of their allotted frequency band
• CISPR 22 Limits (150 kHz 30MHz, peak and
  average) (July 10, 2004)
• Limit 250uV 450kHz to 30 MHz (peak only)
• Required if it connects directly or indirectly to
  AC mains
• Conducted emissions not required for battery
  powered devices

28
Radiated Emission Limits 15.209General Emissions
Limits

• Unless specified elsewhere, all Intentional
  Radiators must meet 15.209 limits anywhere
  outside of their allotted frequency band
• Test set-up per ANSI C63.4-2001
• Limits identical to FCC Class B. Tighter limits
  apply at all band edges
• Specific rules may apply for the device.
• Intentional radiators must generally be measured
  to the 10th Harmonic

29
Measurement Standards

• ANSI C63.4-2001- per Part 15.31 (a) (3)
• CISPR 22 (Must use ANSI setup)
• FCC Part 15
• Other Resources
• Public Notices, FCC Dockets, Interpretations
  www.fcc.gov

30
Common Part 15 Standards

• Some of the more popular rule sections for low
  power devices
• 15.231 Low power periodic
• 15.247 Spread Spectrum, DTS
• 15G Broadband over power lines

31
15.231 Periodic Operation

• Common devices
• Garage door remotes
• Car entry systems/keyfobs
• Alarm systems
• Voice, video and radio controlled toys only
  permitted under 15.231(e)
• Tighter limits
• Limited transmission duration

32
15.231 Periodic Operation

• 40.66MHz 40.70MHz
• Above 70MHz
• Now allows data transmission to be sent with
  control signal
• Limited to 5 second Tx duration
• Periodic transmissions not allowed
• Polling/supervision transmissions allowed for
  security and safety applications (e.g. alarm
  system)
• Limited in duration (2 sec./hour)

33
15.247 Spread Spectrum

• ISM Band
• 902 928 MHz
• 2400 2483.5MHz
• 5725 5850MHz
• Direct Sequence and Digital Transmission Systems
• Frequency Hopping Systems
• 802.11 a/b/g systems

34
Spread Spectrum Definitions

• BER Bit Error Rate
• dBc decibels below carrier
• dBd decibels above dipole
• dBi decibels above an Isotropic
• dBm decibels above 1 millwatt
• EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
• ERP Effective Radiated Power

35
Spread Spectrum

• 902 - 928 MHz
• 2400 - 2483.5 MHz
• 5725 - 5850 MHz

36
IEEE 802.11b Specifications

• Use Direct Sequence Radio rules
• U.S.Frequency of Operation 2412 2462 MHz
• ETSI Frequency of Operation 2412 - 2472 MHz
• Channel Spacing Every 5 MHz
• 802.11 Protocol Header Transmitted on Start of
  Every Initial Transmission

37
IEEE 802.11

• Frequency Hoppers
• U.S. Frequency of Operation 2402 - 2480
• ETSI Frequency of Operation 2402-2480
• 802.11 Hop Patterns
• 802.11 Header

38
Canadian Standards

• RSP-100
• RSS-139-1
• RSS-210
• RSS-102

39
FCC Requirements for Spread Spectrum Devices

• Four types of transmitter modulation allowed
• Frequency Hopper
• Direct Sequence
• Digital Transmission Systems
• Hybrid

40
FCC Requirements for Spread Spectrum transmitters

• Transmitter Power Output 1 Watt Max
• Effective Isotropic Radiated Power 4 Watts Max
• Antenna Gain - limited to 6dBi without power
  reduction from transmitter of 1dB Power for Every
  1dB Antenna Exceeds 6dBi
• Unique Antenna Jack Required

41
Additional FCC Requirements

• For systems Operating Strictly as a Point to
  Point system, the Power Reduction Requirement is
  1dB for every 3dB the antenna exceeds 6dBi
• Device Must Meet OET-65 RF Safety Requirements
  (1mW/cm2 for 2.4 GHz Devices)

42
Additional FCC Requirements

• Operate on Non-Interference Basis
• Out of Band Requirements including being 20dB
  down in any 100kHz Outside the Band of Operation
  and meet general emissions limits (15.209) in the
  Restricted Bands.

43
Modification Filings

• Class II Changes
• Addition of second antenna
• Addition of second power level
• Limited test suites can be used

44
Spurious Emission Requirements

• Conducted Emissions Limits
• 450 kHz to 30 MHz 48dBuV
• Radiated Emissions Limits (_at_3m)
• 30 to 88 MHz 40 dBuV/m
• 88 to 216 MHz 43.5 dBuV/m
• 216 to 960 MHz 46 dBuV/m
• 960 MHz 54 dBuV/m

45
Frequency Hopping Requirements

• If maximum 20dB Bandwidth is 1 MHz (500kHz for
  900 MHz)
• Minimum of 75 Hopping Frequencies for 2.4 GHz
• 50 hopping Frequencies for 900 MHz
• Average Occupancy less then 0.4 seconds in a 30
  second period
• If maximum 20dB Bandwidth is gt 1MHz
• Minimum of 13 channels over 75 MHz
• Average Occupancy less then 0.4 seconds in time
  to hop all channels
• Random Non-Sequential Hop Pattern

46
Testing

• Radio testing done in several parts
• Lab bench testing for all conducted tests
• Open field test site or Anechoic Chamber for all
  radiated tests.

47
Family Antenna Approvals

• Allows the use similar antennas without re
  testing or filing a Class II Change.
• Example 12 dBi Omni approved for use. You can
  substitute a 10dBi Omni different manufacturer
  without re-testing as long as conducted TX Output
  Power Remains the Same

48
Test Equipment

• Spectrum Analyzer to 10X Transmit Frequency (max
  40 GHz _at_ 5.8 GHz)
• Power meter with peak head adapter
• Extremely low loss cables
• Pre-amp
• High Pass Notch Filters
• Horn antenna
• Signal Generator
• Oscilloscope
• Diode Detector
• Attenuators
• Adapters, miscellaneous

49
Receiver Measurements

• Receiver and Spurious Emissions must meet the
  requirements of 15.209 emission levels

50
Break

• Desmond A. Fraser

51
Test Setup

• General Setup

BP/HP or Notch Filter
Radio
52
List of Measurement Techniques

• The FCC provides a non-exclusive list of
  measurement techniques (See http//www.fcc.gov/oet
  /ea/eameasurements.html) that may be used when
  testing equipment to determine its compliance
  with FCC rules. This list is provided as a
  reference tool to aid interested parties in
  locating measurement techniques. Any party making
  measurements to show compliance with the FCC
  rules should select the appropriate measurement
  methods as required and specified in the
  particular part of the FCC rules. (For example,
  for Part 15 devices see 15.31, 15.32, 15.33,
  and 15.35 of title 47 of the Code of Federal
  Regulations (C.F.R.)). The FCC Knowledge Database
  provides additional guidance on testing devices
  subject to the FCC's rules.
• Frequency Hopping and Digitally Modulated Devices
  (15.247)
• FCC Public Notice DA 00-705, March 30, 2000
  Filing and Measurement Guidelines for Frequency
  Hopping Spread Spectrum Systems.
• KDB Publication No. 558074 -- Guidance on
  Measurements for Digital Transmission Systems (47
  CFR 15.247)

53
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

• Industrial, Scientific and Medical Equipment
  (ISM) Part 18
• FCC/OET MP5 -- Methods of Measurements of Radio
  Noise Emissions from Industrial, Scientific and
  Medical equipment (February 1986)
• IEEE 139-1988 -- IEEE Recommended Practice for
  the Measurement of Radio Frequency Emission from
  Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM)
  Equipment Installed on User's Premises.

54
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

• Licensed Devices
• ANSI C63.19-2001 -- American National Standard
  for Methods of Measurement of Compatibility
  between Wireless Communication Devices and
  Hearing Aids
• ANSI/TIA/EIA-603-B-2002 -- Land Mobile FM or PM
  Communications Equipment Measurement and
  Performance Standards.
• FCC Public Notice, DA-02-1097, May 10, 2002 --
  FCC Lab Provides Guidance on Certification of
  Linear Power Amplifiers used with Cellular and
  PCS Transmitters

55
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

• Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
• OET Bulletin No. 65, Supplement C Evaluating
  Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure
  to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields.
• FCC Public Notice, DA 02-1438, June 19, 2002 --
  Transition Period for the Phantom Requirements of
  Supplement C to OET Bulletin 65
• IEEE 1528-2003 -- IEEE Recommended Practice for
  Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific
  Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from
  Wireless Communications Devices Measurement
  Techniques.

56
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

• Television
• FCC/OET MP2 -- Measurement of UHF Noise Figures
  of TV (October 1986)
• IEEE 187-1990 -- IEEE Standard on Radio
  Receivers Open Field Method of Measurement of
  Spurious Radiation from FM and Television
  Broadcast Receivers.
• IEEE 187-2003 -- Measurement Methods of Emissions
  from FM and Television Broadcast Receivers in the
  Frequency Range of 9 kHz to 40 GHz
• FCC Public Notice, DA 05-1321, May 10, 2005 --
  OET Clarifies Emission Mask Measurements for DTV
  Transmitters

57
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

• Test Sites
• ANSI C63.42003, clause 5 - Open Area Test Site
  (OATS) Normalized Site Attenuation Data
  American National Standard for Methods of
  Measurement of Radio-Noise Emissions from
  Low-Voltage Electrical and Electronic Equipment
  in the Range of 9 kHz to 40 GHz (2003)
• FCC Public Notice 40830, December 2, 1993 FCC
  will accept GTEM Measurement Data under Limited
  Conditions
• FCC Public Notice 54796, July 12, 1995 FCC
  Expands Use of GTEM Cells for Equipment
  Authorization Measurements

58
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

• Ultra Wideband (UWB)
• FCC Order, ET Docket No. 98-153 (FCC 02-48) --
  Ultra Wideband Transmission Systems
• KDB Publication No. 393764 -- Frequently Asked
  Questions (FAQ) Regarding Ultra-wide Band
  Compliance Measurements.
• Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
  (UNII)
• FCC Public Notice DA 02-2138, August 30, 2002 --
  Measurement Procedure Updated for Peak Transmit
  Power in the Unlicensed National Information
  Infrastructure (U-NII) Bands

59
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

• Unlicensed RF Devices Part 15
• ANSI C63.42003 -- American National Standard for
  Methods of Measurement of Radio-Noise Emissions
  from Low-Voltage Electrical and Electronic
  Equipment in the Range of 9 kHz to 40 GHz (2003)
• ANSI C63.171998 -- Methods of Measurement of the
  Electromagnetic and Operational Compatibility of
  Unlicensed Personal Communications Services
  (UPCS) Devices (1998)
• FCC Order, ET Docket No. 04-37, (FCC 04-245) --
  Measurement Guidelines for Access Broadband over
  Power Line (BPL) Systems
• FCC Public Notice DA 00-1407, June 26, 2000 --
  Part 15 Unlicensed Modular Transmitter Approval
• FCC Public Notice DA 02-2850, October 28, 2002
  FCC Clarifies Equipment Certification Procedures
  for Learned Mode or Trainable Transmitters.
• FCC Public Notice DA 04-3946, December 17, 2004
  -- OET Clarifies Equipment Authorization Policy
  for Measurement of Broadband Emissions. Use of
  pulse desensitization correction factor (PDCF)
• KDB Publication No. 200443 Millimeter Wave Test
  Procedures
• KDB Publication No. 214146 Radar Detector
  Measurement Procedures

60
In-Band Radiated Measurements

• If no antenna connector
• Radiated Transmit Power Peak Measurement
  (substitution method) TIA/EIA 603 C
• EUT at Max Power
• With highest gain of each antenna
• Spectrum Analyzer settings (Peak Readings)
• RBW gt 6dB BW of emission
• VBW gt RBW
• Spectrum Analyzer settings (Average Readings)
• RBW gt 6dB BW of emission
• VBW gt RBW

61
Spurious Emissions

• Harmonics (Radiated)
• Frequencies Low, Middle, Highest
• Spectrum Analyzer settings
• Peak Measurements
• RBW1 MHz VBW or gtRBW
• Average Measurements
• RBW1 MHz, VBW 10 Hz

62
Out-of-band Emissions

• Band Edge
• Low and Highest Frequency of operation
• Peak Readings
• RBW 100 kHz VBW or gt RBW
• Limit 20dBc in any 100 kHz BW outside of
  allocated frequency band

63
Out-of-Band Conducted Emissions

• Band Edge

64
Spurious Emission Plots (30MHz-10X Fo)
65
Harmonics \ Restricted Bands Testing

• Required for Each transmitter and Antenna
  Combination
• Low, Mid , and High Frequency
• checked
• Up to 10th Harmonic of Fundamental
• Requires Pre Amp and High Pass Filter
• Test Distance 3 meters

66
FCC Submittal Information

• Test Data
• Quasi Peak below 1GHz
• Both average and Peak above 1GHz
• Plots of Band Edge Measurements

67
FHSS FCC Requirements

• Max Power Out
• Max EIRP Conducted Ant. Gain
• Bandwidth Data.

68
Required Test Software

• Must be able to turn off transmitter and go to
  receive only mode
• Must be able to select low , mid, and high
  channels
• Must be able to run in continuous transmit mode
• Modulation must be turned on
• For FH Radios - Must be able to hop on all
  useable channels

69
15.247 Spread SpectrumFCC Requirements FHSS

• Minimum number of hopping frequencies
• 50 hopping frequencies for 902-928 MHz
• 15 hopping frequencies for 2400-2483.5 MHz
• 75 hopping frequencies for 5725-5850 MHz
• Average occupancy less then 0.4 seconds in a 30
  second period. 0.4 seconds in 0.4 second period
  x number of channels 2.4GHz band
• 20dB bandwidth 1 MHz 5.8 GHz/ 500kHz 902-928
  MHz. Not specified at 2.4GHz
• Random non-sequential hop pattern

70
15.249General Unlicensed/ISM Band

• 902-928 MHz
• 2400-2483.5 MHz
• 5725-5875 MHz
• 24.0-24.25 GHz
• Any type of data
• Continuous transmission
• E-Field emission limits

71
Unlicensed Transmitters Millimeter Wave Devices

• FCC Part 15.253
• Frequencies of operation
• 46.7-46.9 GHz, 76-77 GHz
• Limited to vehicle mounted field-disturbance
  systems

72
Unlicensed Transmitters Millimeter Wave Devices

• FCC Part 15.255
• Frequencies of operation
• 57 - 64 GHz
• Can not be used on aircraft or satellites

73
Unlicensed National Information
InfrastructureUNII - Part 15.401

• 5.15 -5.25 GHz
• 5.25 -5.35 GHz
• 5.725 -5.825 GHz
• Specific power and usage limitations for each
  band
• Indoor use only with integral antennas in the
  5.25-5.35 GHz band.
• Unique antenna connectors DO NOT qualify

74
Part 15 Subpart F UWB

• Technology referred to as Ultra-Wide Band.
• This is a new rule part adopted in April of 2002
• Does not yet qualify for TCB Approval
• No standardized test procedures yet adopted
• Devices range from see-through-wall devices,
  ground radar for construction and safety, to low
  power communication.
• Coordination with NTIA is required.
• Operates over wide area of band (1 to 6 GHz wide
  signals)

75
Comparison of Spectrum
30 kHz Analog Cellular Voice Channel
6 MHz TV Channel
28 - 100 MHz Unlicensed Spread Spectrum Devices
1000 - 3000 MHz Ultra-Wideband Devices
76
RF Exposure
77
RF Safety Issues OET 65 (FCC)

• MPE Maximum Permissible Exposure (calculation to
  determine separation distances)
• SAR Specific Absorption Rate (test for body-worn
  devices)
• MPE or SAR Test Required?
• This can be determined by referencing OET
  Bulletin 65 Supplement C.

78
RF Safety Issues Human ExposureRules and
Regulations

• ANSI C95.1
• OET 65
• OET 65-C
• FCC Part 1.1037
• FCC Part 2.1091 Mobile Devices
• FCC Part 2.1093 Portable Devices
• FCC Part 15.247 (b) (4)

79
Controlled Environment

• People are aware of potential hazards (posted
  warnings/training)
• Radio Facilities
• Test Environments
• Manufacturing Environments
• Limits
• 5mW/cm2 over a 5 minute period

80
Uncontrolled Environment

• People are unaware of potential hazards
• General Public
• Limits
• 1mW/cm2 over a 30 minute period

81
Categories of Devices

• Fixed
• Mobile
• Portable

82
New Technologies and Test Challenges

• SAR RF Hazards
• Ongoing refinement of SAR testing and
  applicability
• HAC Hearing Aid Compatibility
• ANSI C63.19
• DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection
• On 06/29/2006 (FCC No. 06-96) announced a
  revision of Parts 2 15 of rules for Unlicensed
  National Information Infrastructure Devices
• (U-NII) in 5 GHz Band. MOO clarifies rules for
  UNII devices in the 5.25-5.35 and 5.47-5.725 GHz
  bands.
• Radio LANs included (OET Docket No. 03-122).
  Measurement procedures updated due to equipment
  development testing methodologies have been
  refined. Equipment costly for Mfg. and labs.
• SDR Software Defined Radio
• Rules in place providing flexibility
• Must submit to the FCC (no TCB)

83
TCBs
Source FCC/TCBC Training Feb 2006
84
European Requirements Overview
85
European RTTE Market

• Before RTTE Directive highly fragmented
• gt 1000 national regulations, around 30 harmonised
  EU regulations
• fragmentation of spectrum
• After RTTE Directive less fragmented

86
RTTE

• Covers the following aspects
• Efficient use of spectrum (Article 3.2)
• EMC (Article 3.1b)
• Safety (Article 3.1a)

87
RTTE Approval Process

• CE Marking by manufacturer
• Self-Declaration for many products
• Reduced approval procedures and processes
• Harmonized standards developed (Official Journal)
• EMC Aug 2006
• RTTE Aug 2006

88
Annexes

• Annex I Things NOT covered
• Cables, Receive-only broadcast, Kits, Aviation
  and Air Traffic, marine
• Annex II Internal Production Control
• Basis for all Annexes (good documentation!)
• Annex III Annex II Testing
• Type testing
• Annex IV TCF
• Notified Body (for new technologies)
• Annex V Full QA
• Accredited Quality Assurance System

89
RTTE Testing

• Self-Declaration
• Test to harmonized standards
• DoC
• CE Marking
• Ship
• Non-harmonized frequencies
• NB review and issue Loo
• Notification to Spectrum Authority
• Alert Signal (Equipment Class Identifier)
• Restricted Geographical Area

90
Harmonized Frequencies(Short Range Devices)

• Document ERC CEPT 70-03
• Lists frequencies and usage in different European
  countries
• Latest Oct 2006
• Published by European Conference of Postal and
  Telecommunications Administrators
• Available at http//www.ero.dk/

91
Examples from CEPT 70-03
92
Examples from CEPT 70-03
93
Examples from CEPT 70-03
94
Example from CEPT 70-03
95
Notification

• Applies to radio equipment using a non-harmonized
  frequency
• If non-harmonized frequency band, the
  manufacturer must determine if the frequency is
  available for use in a particular member state
• Notify each member state where the equipment is
  to be sold

96
Notification

• Notify the Spectrum Authorities in each member
  state
• Available on-line
• Must be made 4 weeks prior to the equipment being
  offered for sale.

97
ETSI/EN Standards

• Available from www.etsi.org (free!)
• EMC Radio Matters
• ETS 300 328
• Radio Equipment and Systems (RES) Wideband
  transmission systems Technical characteristics
  and test conditions for data transmission
  equipment operating in the 2,4 GHz ISM band and
  using spread spectrum modulation techniques
• EN 301 428
• Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES)
  Harmonized EN for Very Small Aperture Terminal
  (VSAT) Transmit-only, transmit/receive or
  receive-only satellite earth stations operating
  in the 11/12/14 GHz frequency bands covering
  essential requirements under article 3.2 of the
  RTTE directive

98
Example Short Range Device

• Compliance test requirements
• LVD EN 60065
• EMC EN 301 489-3 (SRD)
• Emissions
• Immunity
• Radio EN 300 220-1
• Spurious emissions
• Power (ERP)
• Bandwidth
• Frequency Stability

99
Example Short Range Device

• Documentation
• Equipment complies Test report/TCF
• Generates and signs DOC
• Labels equipment
• Notifies countries before marketing (Only if
  frequencies are not harmonized)

100
RTTE Labeling Example
NAME OF A COMPANY MODEL NUMBER SERIAL
NUMBER FREQUENCY BAND
1588
The Notified Body Number used when either annex
III, IV or V have been used
101
ATCB Contact Information
Mrs. Marianne Bosley, Customer Development
Representative sales_at_atcb.com AmericanTCB,
Inc. 6731 Whittier Avenue, Suite C110 McLean, VA
22101 Office 703-847-4700 Fax
703-847-6888 Taiwan/Asia Mr. Major Chen,
Manager- Asia Business Development sales.tw_at_atcb.c
om Cell Phone [phone] AmericanTCB,
Inc. 3F, 201, Ti Ding Avenue, Sec.2, Neihu
114. Taipei, Taiwan Office 886-2-2658-5152 ext
311 Fax [phone] Taiwan Mobile Phone
886-920399260