ESTER BASED TECHNOLOGY

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ESTER BASED TECHNOLOGY
ETHOS FR

• To make fuels Self Cleaning and Self Lubricating

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WHAT IS AN ESTER?

• An Ester is a product of the reaction of an Acid
  and an Alcohol.

Synthetic Esters
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ESTERS IN NATURE

• The most common esters found in nature are fats
  and vegetable oils.
• Many esters have distinctive odors, which led to
  their widespread use as artificial flavorings and
  fragrances.

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Some Common Esters

• Methyl Butanoate smells like Pineapple
• Ethyl Methanoate smells of Raspberry
• Pentyl Ethanoate smells like Banana
• Pentyl Pentanoate smells like Apple
• Pentyl Butanoate smells like Apricot
• Octyl Ethanoate smells like Orange
• Source - Wikipedia Encyclopedia

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Did you know?

• That Biodiesel is Ester based?

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Different Varieties of Biodiesel

• RME Rapeseed Methyl Ester, from Rapeseed
  Products
• PME Vegetable Methyl Ester, purely from
  vegetable products
• FME Fat Methyl Ester, from vegetable AND animal
  products
• FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
• Source - Wikipedia Encyclopedia

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SOY METHYL ESTER BIO-DIESEL

• Derived from Soybean Oil
• The most common Bio Diesel source in the US
• Has a lower energy content than 2 Diesel
• 89 less efficient fuel
• Has a higher viscosity range than 2 Diesel
• (1.9-6.0 centistokes vs 1.3-5.8 centistokes)
• This helps offset the lower energy content
  through reduced barrel/plunger leakage resulting
  in slightly improved injection efficiency.

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HISTORY OF BIODIESEL

• 1853 - Scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick were
  successful in the transesterification of a
  vegetable oil.
• Metzner,Jim.Transesterification Turning Used
  Vegetable Oil Into Clear-Burning Biodiesel Fuel.

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HISTORY OF BIODIESEL

• 1898 Rudolf Diesels first Diesel engine with a
  flywheel at its base ran at the Paris, France
  Expo. It was powered by peanut oil.
• Rudolph Christian Carl Diesel
• Born 1858 Died 1913

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HISTORY OF BIODIESEL

• One of the first uses of trans-esterified
  vegetable oil was powering heavy duty vehicles in
  South Africa before World War II.

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HISTORY OF BIODIESEL

• During the 1920s Diesel manufacurers altered
  their engines to utilize the lower viscosity of
  Petro-diesel, which was much cheaper to produce
  than biomass fuel.
• Since that time until the present day, Biodiesel
  just about disappeared as an alternate fuel.
• Source - Wikipedia Encyclopedia

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HISTORY OF BIODIESEL

• 1990s France launched local production of
  biodiesel fuel (known as Diester)

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July 13, 2001 BBI International

• Car makers and petroleum companies prize the
  rapeseed fuel for its high level of oxygen and
  absence of sulphur, which give it a lubricating
  capacity seen as its main advantage. Diester
  also helps reduce engines' carbon dioxide (CO2)
  emissions, thus cutting harmful greenhouse
  effects, Nicol said. Diester is the best answer
  to reduce CO2 emissions,'' said Beatrice Perrier,
  an engineer at the French car maker PSA Peugeot
  Citroen , which produces engines that can use up
  to 30 percent diester without having to be
  overhauled.
• The European Commission said last month that it
  planned to present proposals later this year
  requiring that all oil refineries mix a
  percentage of biofuel with petrol.

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HISTORY OF BIODIESEL

• From 1978 to 1996, the US National Renewable
  Energy Lab experimented with using Algae as a
  Biodiesel source in the Aquatic Species Program

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ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

• Pure Biodiesel has a very low Toxicity Rating of
  greater of 50ML per KG.
• This means that 3 liters would have to be
  consumed for an average person to cause death 50
  of the time.
• This makes Biodiesel ten times less toxic than
  table salt.
• Biodiesel can extend our Petrodiesel reserve

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ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

• Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel to have
  fully completed the health effects testing
  requirements of the Clean Air Act.
• The use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel
  engine results in substantial reduction of
  unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and
  particulate matter compared to emissions from
  diesel fuel.
• The exhaust emissions of sulfur oxides and
  sulfates (major components of acid rain) from
  biodiesel are essentially eliminated compared to
  diesel.

Source National Biodiesel Board
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DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

• Biodiesel may degrade rubber gaskets and hoses in
  older vehicles (prior to 1992).
• Fuel filters may become clogged with particulates
  due to the fact that biodiesel is a better
  solvent than petrodiesel and quickly cleans out
  lines and tanks.
• Biodiesel has less energy than Petrodiesel.

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DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

• Biodiesel does produce more NOX emissions when it
  is burned because Nitrogen is more compressed in
  the organic form.

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DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL

• The cost of Biodiesel is currently much higher
  than Petrodiesel.
• Even at a low 5 ratio, there currently isnt
  enough supply of biodiesel being produced in this
  country to meet the demand, which will probably
  keep the price inflated for several years.

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ETHOS to the Rescue!

• Synthetic Esters CLEAN, just like Biodiesel,
  and
• They are non-toxic
• They are non-hazardous
• They will also extend Petro-
• Diesel reserves by Cleaning
• and Lubricating engines.

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Dr. Morton Fainman Dr. Fred Chorney

• Early 1980 Chemists created an ester based
  formulae consisting of two straight chain
  carboxylic acid esters, one having a low
  molecular weight and the other having a higher
  molecular weight.
• They discovered that the low molecular weight
  esters cleaned, and the high molecular weight
  esters lubricated, the inside of any
  reciprocating engine.

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THE FAINMAN THEORY

• Fuels can be improved to decrease deposits inside
  engines.
• While at the same time increasing fuel lubricity.

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US PATENT No.
4,920,691

• May 1, 1990 a Utility Patent was registered with
  the United States Patent office.

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How much is enough?

• It was discovered that only a small amount of
  esters were required to be present in an engine
  to clean and lubricate it.
• Less than 800 parts per million.
• Thats less than 1 tenth of 1 percent.

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ADDITIVE VS REFORMULATOR

• ADDITIVE MEANS
• A substance added in small amounts to something
  else to improve, strengthen, or otherwise alter
  it.
• OR
• a substance added to another in relatively small
  amounts to effect a desired change in properties.

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ADDITIVE VS REFORMULATOR

• REFORMULATOR MEANS
• To Re-Formulate or develop again, To improve a
  theory or hypothesis.
• THE DIFFERENCE IS
• An Additive changes the specifications of the
  base it is added to, whereas a Re-Formulator does
  not.

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CARBON BUILDUP

• Causes pre-ignition and detonation
• Causes loss of efficiency
• Causes emissions to increase
• Is harmful to the engine
• Costs money

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NO CARBON BUILDUP

• Engine runs smoother, more efficiently
• Lower Emissions
• Engine lasts longer
• Saves money

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DECARBONIZATION PROCESS
CO
Begin Within First Few Minutes
After Initial De-Carbonization
Complete de-carbonization of the engine takes
time.  Each engine could respond differently.
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IS ETHOS FR BETTER THAN BIODIESEL?

• USING SYNTHETIC ESTERS IN PETRODIESEL
• Gives all the cleaning and lubricating benefits
  of Biodiesel.
• Less expensive than even 5 Biodiesel.
• Results in even lower emissions when used with
  CLEAN Biodiesel.

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CLEAN FUEL MEANS LESS EMISSIONS
Water and contaminants cause 95 of injector and
pump failures.
Filtration removes contaminants to less than 1
Micron in size.
Most fuels exceed the set limit of 2 milligrams
of contamination per liter.
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DAVIE, FLORIDA

• Filters were installed on the diesel pump for the
  town of Davie, Florida. Two days later, as fire
  trucks were being refueled, very little fuel was
  flowing from the pump. Upon investigation, it was
  discovered that a water leak had developed and
  contaminated the fuel in the main storage tank.

Since water cannot pass through most filters,
only a very small quantity of diesel fuel was
passing through. If the filters had not been
installed, the fire trucks would have been filled
with water contaminated diesel fuel. Had they
attempted to operate the fire trucks with the
contaminated fuel, it could have required the
engines to be overhauled.
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Southwest Research Institute

• September 2004 - National Biodiesel Board tested
  Ester Based Technology product, Ethos Fuel
  Reformulator, along with Biodiesel and got these
  results

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Using ECD-1 Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel

• HC output .090 g/hp-hr
• CO 2.600 g/hp-hr
• NOX 4.370 g/hp-hr
• PM .214 g/hp-hr
• Source- National Biodiesel Board

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ECD-1 B20 Biodiesel

• HC output .070 g/hp-hr -22
• CO 2.530 g/hp-hr -2.7
• NOX 4.650 g/hp-hr 6.4
• PM .181 g/hp-hr -15.4
• Source National Biodiesel Board

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ECD-1 B20 Biodiesel Ethos

• HC output .050 g/hp-hr -28.6
• CO 2.420 g/hp-hr -4.35
• NOX 4.650 g/hp-hr No Change
• PM .175 g/hp-hr -3.3

Source National Biodiesel Board
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Emissions Recap

• ECD-1 only ECD-1B20 ECD-1B20Ethos
• HC .090 .070 .050
• CO 2.600 2.530 2.420
• NOX 4.370 4.650 4.650
• PM .214 .181 .175
• All results are in g/hp-hr
• Source National Biodiesel Board

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CASTROL USA SAYS

• May 28, 2004 Press release
• The polarized ester molecules in Castrol GTX
  Start Up cling to an engines metal surfaces to
  provide advanced anti-wear protection.
• Castrol Spokesperson
• Kimberly Lancaster [phone]

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OTHER FACTORS

• Preventative Maintenance costs keep going up
  every year, ETHOS should stabilize this.
• ETHOS protects engine parts from internal wear
  and tear.
• ETHOS can increase the interval between oil
  changes and transmission overhauls.
• This makes the total savings hard to estimate,
  but should exceed fuel savings alone.

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Does ETHOS save fuel?

• Millions of test miles show that fuel economy
  increases in fleets from
• 9 to 19

How much savings is determined by how old the
fleet is, the current mechanical condition of
vehicles, etc.
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ESTIMATED SAVINGS

• Fleets using 50 gal per day per vehicle
• 50 X 1.80 90 fuel costs X 10 9
• 9 savings X 200 vehicles 1,800 per day
• 
  9,000 per wk
• 
  468,000 per yr
• PLUS lower costs for
• maintenance and repairs

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GASOLINE TOO?

• ETHOS works in Gasoline fuel as well.
• Hybrid Vehicles should also benefit.
• Emissions are usually reduced by 50 on vehicles
  older than 10 years.
• Mileage usually increases 5 to 25
• ETHOS raises Octane rating of Gasoline by 5 to 10
  points, depending on the ratio used.
• ETHOS can make regular gas work in aircraft.

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ETHOS in EVERYTHING?

• Fuels
• Crankcases
• Transmissions
• Power Steering Units
• Hydraulic Systems
• Gear Boxes
• 2 Cycle Engines

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Disadvantages to ETHOS

• Gas and oil companies
• Sell less fuel, therefore
• They make less profit.

That will probably make them angry, and we dont
want to see anyone angry, but...
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WHATS THE ENVIRONMENT WORTH?

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DATELINE Oct 8, 2004

• With a haze of pollution reaching dangerous
  levels over Paris, Frances government banned
  half of all cars from the nations capital on
  Wednesday.
• Only cars with a serial number ending in an odd
  digit are permitted into the City of Lights,
  since the experimental ban started on an
  odd-numbered day, Oct 1. Emergency vehicles,
  electric-powered cars and cars with at least 3
  people also are allowed.

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WHAT IS POSSIBLE?
During the Super Mileage Car Contest held in
August 2003 in Hiroshima, Japan, Team Fancy Carol
from Japan achieved a record fuel efficiency of
11,193 miles per gallon. While the high fuel
economy sounds great, most consumers would find
the car less than desirable due to the top speed
just over 15 miles per hour, the cramped position
of the driver, and the lack of amenities such as
a radio, air conditioning, or roll-down windows.
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ETHOS is available Today!

• Pays for itself, and More!
• Reduces Emissions
• Vehicles last longer, lower PM costs
• Satisfies Environmentalists concerns
• The Day After Tomorrow never happens
• Soon we can drive in Paris again!