Women

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Womens Studies
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Womens Studies

• First Wave Feminism
• Mary Wollstonecrafts (1792) A Vindication of
  the Rights of Women is one of the first written
  works to be called feminist
• Suffragette Movement

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Womens Studies

• First Wave Feminism
• Mary Wollstonecrafts (1792) A Vindication of the
  Rights of Women is one of the first written works
  to be called feminist
• Suffragette Movement
• The World Wars
• Nontraditional jobs
• Womens professional sports

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Backlash!
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Womens Studies

• Second Wave Feminism
• Fighting for full equality
• Fighting for control over own body
• More powerful in regards to voting, financial
  issues, education and power

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What is feminism?

• Feminism is
• A belief in equality for all people
• Mens and womens positions in society are based
  on social institutions and social attitudes
• Because of these structural inequalities,
  feminists believe in transforming society on
  behalf of women
• Womens experiences, concerns, and ideas are as
  valuable as mens

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Research Methods in the Social Sciences
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Scientific Method

• Best way yet discovered for separating truth
  from untruth
• Check your book for steps in the scientific method

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Types of Research

• Basic research
• Applied research
• Program evaluation

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Research Methods

• Nonexperimental Methods
• Archival research
• Naturalistic observation
• Surveys
• Case studies
• Correlational research
• Experimental Method

• Advantages
• Describe and predict behavior
• Useful when ethical considerations prevent true
  experimentation
• Causality

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Nonexperimental Methods

• Archival research
• Naturalistic observation
• Survey research

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Nonexperimental Methods

• Case Studies
• Correlational Research

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Correlational Research

• Strength of a relationship is represented by a
  mathematical score
• Ranges from 1.0 to -1.0
• _____________ signifies strength of relationship
• _________ signifies nature of the relationship

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Correlational Research

• Strength of a relationship is represented by a
  mathematical score
• 1.0 Perfect positive correlation

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Correlational Research

• Strength of a relationship is represented by a
  mathematical score
• 1.0 Perfect positive correlation
• -1.0 Perfect negative correlation

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Correlational Research

• Strength of a relationship is represented by a
  mathematical score
• 1.0 Perfect positive correlation
• -1.0 Perfect negative correlation
• 0.0 No correlation No relationship!

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Correlational Research
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Correlational Research
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Interpreting Correlations

• A large-scale study of contraceptive use in
  Taiwan found that people who had more electrical
  appliances in their homes were more likely to use
  birth control.

Does this mean that toasters cause people to use
birth control?
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Interpreting Correlations

• Correlation ? Causation!

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Interpreting Correlations

• When we find a correlation between two variables
  A and B, there are three possible explanations

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Interpreting Correlations

• The more psychology courses students take during
  their college years, the higher scores they get
  on a measure of interpersonal sensitivity.

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Interpreting Correlations

• A study on the effects of alcohol found that
  higher and higher doses of alcohol produced
  increasingly lower scores on a test of memory
  recall.

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Interpreting Correlations

• A college professor notices that the farther
  students sit toward the back of the room, the
  worse their grades in the course seem to be.

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Interpreting Correlations

• A survey of adolescents being treated for eating
  disorders noted that those who watched the most
  TV during the week tended to get the lowest
  ratings on a measure of general health.

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Interpreting Correlations

• Correlations allow us to describe relationships
• Correlations allow us to predict

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Interpreting Correlations
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Experimental Research

• Investigates causal relationships between factors
• Deliberately induce change in one factor and
  observe the effect that change has on other
  factors
• Variable

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Experimental Research

• Independent variable (IV)

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Experimental Research

• Dependent Variable (DV)

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Manipulation, Comparison,and Control
Manipulate
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Manipulation, Comparison, and Control
Compare
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Manipulation, Comparison, and Control
Control
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Manipulation, Comparison, and Control
Control
All Other Variables
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Random Assignment

• Individuals have an equal chance of being in the
  treatment condition as in the control condition

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The Beauty of Random Assignment

• Allows the experimenter to assume the groups are
  roughly equivalent prior to administering the IV

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The Beauty of Random Assignment

• Groups may differ in an important way just by
  chance
• Statistical procedures tell us likelihood that
  results are meaningful

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Key Elements of True Experiments

• An independent variable
• A dependent variable
• Random assignment of subjects to different levels
  of the IV
• A concrete hypothesis of how the IV should affect
  the DV

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Cumulative Nature of Science

• An experiment or nonexperimental study can answer
  only a few, very specific questions
• Our confidence in scientific findings increases
  as
• Results are __________
• Findings from related studies _______on the same
  conclusion