Air Quality Permitting Case Studies

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Air Quality PermittingCase Studies
March 15, 2006

• Peter J. Moore
• Yorke Engineering
• 949-248-8490 x24

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Agenda

• Overview of Permitting
• Equipment Information
• Emission Calculations
• Forms
• Rule Evaluation
• New Source Review
• Health Risk Assessment
• RECLAIM
• Title V
• Once You Receive Your Permit-to-Construct
• Resources

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Overview

• What requires a permit?
• Anything that emits pollutants
• Equipment Categories
• Boilers gt2 MMBTU/hour
• Internal Combustion Engines gt50 bhp
• New construction
• Modification of existing equipment

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SCAQMD Rule 201

• "A person shall not build, install, erect, alter
  or replace any equipment, the use of which may
  cause the issuance of air contaminants or the use
  of which may eliminate, reduce or control the
  issuance of air contaminants without first
  obtaining written authorization for such
  construction from the Executive Officer"

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Criteria Pollutants

• Sulfur Dioxide (SOx)
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx)
• Ozone
• Lead
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Particulate Matter (PM)
• Precursors are also regulated

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Pollutant Precursors
Pollutant Precursors Ozone NOx, ROG PM10 NOx,
SO2, ROG SOx SO2, SO4, PM
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Equipment Information

• Specific equipment information will be put into
  the permit
• Collect detailed information about the equipment
• Equipment rating (as indicated on nameplate)
• Manufacturers spec sheets
• Photos
• Exhaust stack parameters
• Emissions data

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Equipment Description

• Boiler
• BOILER, NO. 1, CLEAVER BROOKS, MODEL CB-LE,
  FIRE-TUBE TYPE, WITH A NATURAL GAS FIRED, LOW NOX
  BURNER, PROFIRE MODEL NTH, RATED AT 4,200,000 BTU
  PER HOUR, AND EQUIPPED WITH A FLUE GAS
  RECIRCULATION SYSTEM
• Internal Combustion Engine
• INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, CUMMINS, MODEL
  GTA8.3-HC-G2, NATURAL GAS FUELED, RICH BURN, FOUR
  CYCLE, SIX CYLINDERS, TURBOCHARGED, AFTERCOOLED,
  RATED AT 219 B.H.P., WITH A NON-SELECTIVE
  CATALYTIC CONVERTER, JOHNSON MATTHEY MODEL
  BX50-6, AND AN AIR/FUEL RATIO CONTROLLER,
  NEUTRONICS MARK V, DRIVING AN ELECTRIC GENERATOR

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Forms

• Download forms from
• www.aqmd.gov/permit/forms.html
• 400-A (1 for each piece of equipment)
• 400-E-9a (Boiler)
• 400-E-13b (I.C. Engine)
• 400-CEQA (1 for each application)
• 400-XPP (optional expedited)

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Rule Evaluation

• Rule 212 Standards for Approving Permits
• Rule 219 Exemptions from Permitting
• Rule 301 Fees
• Regulation IV Prohibitions
• Regulation XI Source Specific Standards
• Regulation XIII New Source Review (NSR)
• Rule 1401 NSR of Toxic Air Contaminants

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Rule 212Standards for Approving Permits

• Public Notice is required if
• New or modified equipment that results in
  increase in air emissions within 1000 feet of a
  K-12 school
• Cancer risk increase gt1 in one million for
  facilities with more than one permit unit
• Unless you can demonstrate facility risk is less
  than 10 in one million
• Cancer risk increase gt10 in one million for
  facilities with one permit unit

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Nearest SchoolMontessori Academy, 9062 Firestone
Blvd.
School
Distance to school 1150 ft.
Exhaust Stacks
IMA Polluter
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Rule 219 Equipment Not Requiring a Written
Permit

• Lists equipment that is exempt from permitting
• Always review to see if there is an exemption for
  your equipment
• Boilers lt2 MMBTU/hour
• Internal Combustion Engines lt50 bhp

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Rule 301 Permit Fees

• Look up equipment category in Tables IA (Control
  Equipment) and IB (Basic Equipment)
• Look up fees on table of Summary Permit Fee Rates
• Expedited processing para. 301(y)
• 50 additional fees
• Small Business para. (c)(1)(E)
• 50 discount on fees
• Identical Equipment para. (c)(1)(F)
• Fee for second unit is 50 of first

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Regulation IV Prohibitions

• Rule 401 Visible Emissions
• Rule 402 Nuisance
• Rule 404 Particulate Matter-Concentration
• Rule 405 Solid Particulate Matter-Weight
• Rule 431.1 Sulfur Content of Gaseous Fuels

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Regulation XISource Specific Standards

• Rule 1110.2 Emissions from Gaseous- and
  Liquid-Fueled Stationary Internal Combustion
  Engines
• Rule 1146 (Large boilers)
• Rule 1146.1 Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen
  from Small Industrial, Institutional and
  Commercial Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process
  Heaters
• Rule 1146.2 (Water heaters, small boilers)

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New Source Review
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Regulation XIIINew Source Review (NSR)

• Rule 1303 Requirements
• Rule 1304 Exemptions
• Rule 1306 Emission Calculations
• Major concepts
• BACT
• Offsets
• Modeling

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NSRBest Available Control Technology

• Required for all new equipment and any
  modification that increases emissions
• BACT is determined on a case-by-case basis
• Use BACT listings to find comparable equipment
• The SCAQMD publishes a separate document for
  Non-major polluting facilities (minor source
  BACT)

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NSR Offsets

• Adding new pollutants to the air may need to be
  offset by purchasing Emission Reduction Credits
  (ERC)
• Calculate the facility Potential-to-Emit
• Maximum operating schedule for all permitted
  equipment for one year
• If PTE exceeds thresholds, offsets are required
  Rule 1304 para. (d)

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NSR Modeling

• Modeling determines whether the emissions from
  the new equipment will cause a violation of the
  clean air standards
• Requires use of an air quality simulation model
• For small equipment, modeling is satisfied by
  exemption
• 1303, Appendix A, Table A-1

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Health Risk Assessment
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Rule 1401NSR of Toxic Air Contaminants

• Required to perform health risk assessment for
  any increase in toxic air contaminants
• Calculate health risk indices
• Maximum Individual Cancer Risk (MICR)
• Cancer Burden
• Acute Health Risk Index (HIA)
• Chronic Health Risk Index (HIC)

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Toxic Air Contaminants (TAC)

• There are a large number of toxics to be
  considered, for example
• Benzene
• Formaldehyde
• Acetaldehyde
• Acrolein
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• TACs cause health risk impacts

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Health Risk Assessment Guidelines

• Determine TAC emission rates
• Determine distances to nearest receptors
• Calculate health risk indices per SCAQMD
  guidelines

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Aerial Photo
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Nearest Offsite Worker
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Nearest Residence
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Health Risk Index - MICR

• Maximum Individual Cancer Risk (MICR)
• Long term impact
• Probability that an individual will contract
  cancer over 70 years (resident receptor) or 40
  years (commercial receptor)
• Must be lt 1 x 10-5 (10 in one million) for new
  equipment
• lt1 x 10-6 to avoid public notice

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Health Risk Index - Chronic

• Chronic Hazard Index (HIC)
• Long term, non-cancer health effects
• Must be lt 1.0 for all target organs

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Health Risk Index - Acute

• Acute Hazard Index (HIA)
• Short term (1-hour average) health effects
• Must be lt 1.0 for all target organs

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What Are Target Organs?

• Specific systems in the human body that are
  affected by TACs

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Tier I Screening Evaluation

• Max Annual Controlled Emissions (tons/year)
• Max Hourly Controlled (lbs/hr)
• Look up tables in Risk Assessment Procedures
  for Rules 1401 and 212
• Check for most recent version!
• If emissions are lower than screening levels,
  Rule 1401 is satisfied. If not, proceed to Tier
  II

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Tier II Risk Assessment for MICR

• MICR CP x DI x MP
• CP cancer potency factor (mg/kg-day)-1
• DI Dose inhalation (mg/kg-day)
• DI Cair x DBR x EVF x 10-6
• Cair concentration in air (µg/m3)
• DBR daily breathing rate (L/kg-day)
• EVR Exposure value factor (unitless)
• 1 x10-6 convert µg to mg(10-3 mg/µg), liters to
  cubic meters (10-3 m3/l)
• Cair Qtons x X/Q x AFann x MET
• Qtons Emission rate (tons/year)
• X/Q Dispersion Factor ((µg/m3)/(ton/yr)
• AFann Annual Averaging factor
• MET meteorological correction factor (unitless)
• MP multipathway factor (unitless)
• MICR CP x ((Qtons x X/Q x AFann x MET) x DBR
  x EVF x 10-6) x MP

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Chronic Index Equation
HIC Chronic hazard index (calculated for each
target organ) ?TAC Sum of the contribution for
each Toxic Air Contaminant (TAC) QyrTAC Emission
rate of each TAC (tons/year) X/Q Annual average
dispersion factor (?g/m3)/(ton/year) RELTAC Chroni
c Reference Exposure Level (?g/m3) for each
TAC MP Multi-pathway adjustment factor
(n.d.) MET Meteorological correction factor (n.d.)
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Acute Index Equation
HIA Acute hazard index (calculated for each
target organ) ?TAC Sum of the contribution for
each Toxic Air Contaminant (TAC) QhrTAC Emission
rate of each TAC (lb/hour) X/Qhr Hourly average
dispersion factor (?g/m3)/(lb/hour) RELTAC Acute
Reference Exposure Level (?g/m3) for each TAC
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Cancer Burden Calculation

• Only Needed if MICR gt10-6
• Estimate Area (km2) with Risk gt10-6
• Multiply Area by 4,000 - 7,000 persons/ km2
• Multiply Total Persons by MICR
• If Burden gt0.5
• More detailed calculations or modeling required

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RECLAIM

• REgional CLean Air Incentives Market
• NOx and SOx are only pollutants regulated under
  RECLAIM
• Facilities that have reported over 4 tons/year of
  NOx/SOx are in RECLAIM
• RECLAIM permits look different
• Facility permit
• Regulation XX

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Differences in Permitting under RECLAIM

• NSR for NOx/SOx is found in Regulation XX (Rule
  2005)
• Existing rules do not apply to NOx/SOx
• E.g. NOx requirements in Rule 1110.2 and 1146.1
  would not apply
• For emission increases, facility must hold
  sufficient RECLAIM Trading Credits (RTC) for one
  year ahead
• Additional fees in Rule 301(o) and (q)

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Title V

• Title V is a Federal Operating Permit program
  under EPA
• Major sources of pollutants are subject to Title
  V
• e.g. NOx or VOC PTE gt 10 tons/year
• Title V permits are also facility permits
• Regulation XXX

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Differences in Permitting under Title V

• Additional forms
• Form 500 series
• Requires certification of compliance
• Additional fees in Rule 301(p) and (q)
• Permits must be reviewed by EPA prior to issuance
  (45 days)
• Public notice

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Once You Receive Your Permit

• Read it!!!
• If there are errors or disputed conditions, write
  to the permit engineer within 30 days to
  negotiate corrections
• If necessary file appeal to Hearing Board within
  30 days
• Permit to construct is valid for one year
• Request an extension if you need one

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Source Test

• Conduct source test
• Hire qualified source test company
• Have them submit a source test protocol make
  sure that all permit conditions are reflected in
  protocol
• Notify SCAQMD of test date
• Observe deadlines
• Communicate with permit engineer if you cannot
  meet deadlines

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Ongoing Compliance

• When equipment is constructed, permit to
  construct functions as temporary permit to
  operate
• Read carefully all monitoring and recordkeeping
  conditions and do what it says

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Resources

• North American Industrial Classification System
  (NAICS)
• www.census.gov/epcd/www/naics.html
• Maps/Aerial Photos
• www.mapquest.com
• terraserver.microsoft.com
• maps.google.com
• BACT Guidelines
• www.aqmd.gov/bact/BACTGuidelines.htm

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Resources Emission Factors

• EPA AP-42
• www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html
• Ventura County Emission Factors(external
  combustion only)
• www.aqmd.gov/prdas/pdf/COMBEM2001.pdf
• SCAQMD(Annual Emission Report Guidelines)
• www.ecotek.com/aqmd/2005/forms_and_instructions_pd
  f/0405_GuideBook.pdf

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Resources

• Risk Assessment Guidelines
• www.aqmd.gov/prdas/Risk20Assessment/RiskAssessmen
  t.htmlCurrentRiskAssessment
• Gas Company
• socalgas.com/business/resource_center/aq_programs.
  shtml
• PermitWorks Program

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Questions Answers
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Peter MooreYorke Engineering, LLC

• [phone] x24
• PMoore_at_YorkeEngr.com
• www.YorkEngr.com