EAEE%20E4001%20Industrial%20Ecology%20of%20Earth%20Resources:%20%20Material%20flows%20through%20the%20Economy%20and%20the%20Environment

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EAEE E4001 Industrial Ecology of Earth
ResourcesMaterial flows through the Economy
and the Environment
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The Search for Cadmium

• Origin of anthropogenic cadmium
• Cadmium sulfide CdS
• Recovered as by-product of zinc
  mining/production from cadmium sulfide ZnS
• Production ratio 2.70 kg Cd/ton Zn

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Natural occurrence of cadmium
Material Typical range (ppm)
Soils, global average 0.01-0.7
Zinc ore concentrates 1000-12000
Lead ore concentrates 3-500
Copper ore concentrates 30-1200
Iron ore 0.12-0.30
Hard coal 0.50-10.00
Heavy oil 0.01-0.10
Phosphate ore 0.25-80
Source Boehm and Schaefers (1990)
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Potential for emissions during zinc production, g
Cd/ton Zn

• Roast/leach/electrowin 0.2
• Roast/blast furnace smelting 50
• (replaced in Canada and Europe)
• Roast/retort smelting 100
• (not in use any more)

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Average Cleaning Performance of Dust Arresters
for Industrial Waste Gas Purification (mg dust/m3
clean gas)
Technology
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20
50
500
800
log (mg dust/m3 clean gas)
Source Güthner (1989), Swedish EPA (1991),
Umweltbundesamt (1989).
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Potential for other Cd emissions

• Use/recycling of cadmium products
• batteries, pigments, stabilizers, plating,
  cadmium compounds, alloys
• Cadmium in coal 0.01-10 ppm (compare with
  mercury global averagein coal 0.2 ppm)
• Cadmium in MSW 3-15 ppm
• Fertilizers 1-10 ppm

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Cadmium emissions in two great rivers, 1983-1987

• Rhine River Basin 28,800 kg/y
• (Klepper, Michaelis, Mahlau 1995)
• Hudson River Estuary about 29,000 kg/y
• Only a coincidence!

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Atmospheric emissions of cadmium in the Rhine
basin by industrial sector in 1988
Process Tons of total
Hard coal combustion 10.1 30.2
Oil combustion 4.6 13.8
Other fossil fuel combustion 1.5 4.5
Zinc refining 3.5 10.5
Primary copper refining 0.4 1.2
Other non-ferrous metal refining 1.1 3.3
Iron steel production 6.3 18.9
Coke production 0.5 1.5
Cement manufacturing 0.8 2.4
Waste incineration 4.6 13.8
Sum 33.5 100
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