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Five kinds of learning

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Is repetitive music boring? Short-term habituation. Long-term habituation ... Apparatus: Operant conditioning chamber and cumulative recorder ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Five kinds of learning


1
Five kinds of learning
  • Habituation, classical conditioning, operant
    conditioning, observation, and insight

2
What is learning?
  • Association theory Locke, Berkeley, Mill
  • A lasting change in behavior resulting from
    experience
  • An example of natural selection within an
    individuals experience
  • The result of contingency analysis

3
Habituation Ignoring a US
  • Orienting responses
  • Aplysia and siphon-withdrawal
  • Repetitive stimuli carry no information
  • Is repetitive music boring?
  • Short-term habituation
  • Long-term habituation

4
Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Predicting a
US
  • An unconditioned reflex US ---gt UR
  • An orienting reflex NS ---gt OR
  • A conditioned reflex CS ---gt CR

5
Pavlovs example
  • US (Meat powder) UR (Drooling)
  • NS (Tuning fork) OR (Turning
    head)
  • CS (Tuning fork) CR (Drooling)

6
Human applications of classical conditioning
  • Forming associations in advertising
  • Toilet training
  • Phobias and fetishes
  • Psychotherapy

7
Principles of classical conditioning
  • Acquisition
  • US intensity
  • CS-US timing
  • Extinction
  • Spontaneous recovery
  • Reconditioning
  • Generalization and discrimination

8
Key factors in conditioning success
  • Reliability of CS-US pairing
  • Uniqueness of CS-US pairing
  • Differential contingency and informativeness
  • pUS/ CS gt pUS/ CS

9
Operant conditioning Controlling consequences
  • Thorndike and the Law of Effect
  • Skinner and operant conditioning
  • Apparatus Operant conditioning chamber and
    cumulative recorder
  • Discriminative stimulus, operant response,
    consequence

10
Consequences
  • Reinforcement
  • Positive reinforcers
  • Negative reinforcers
  • Punishment
  • Frustrative non-reward and omission Extinction
  • Conditioned reinforcers and punishers

11
Training methods
  • Shaping Bowling and guided missiles
  • Schedules of intermittent reinforcement
  • Fixed Interval (FI)
  • Fixed Ratio (FR)
  • Variable Interval (VI)
  • Variable Ratio (VR)
  • Schedules and informativeness

12
Discrimination learning
  • Discriminative stimuli
  • Occasion setting
  • Concept discrimination
  • A failure of discrimination Superstition
  • Interim behaviors
  • Terminal behaviors

13
Aversive conditioning
  • Punishment
  • Must be strong, immediate, and reliable
  • May become conditioned to SSDRs
  • Escape and avoidance learning
  • Taste aversion
  • Psychology helps treat cancer
  • Coyotes and sheep Wrap poisoned meat in sheepskin

14
Observation learning
  • Model behaviors Bandura, Ross, and Ross
  • Vicarious observation learning
  • Banduras social learning theory
  • Factors influencing imitation
  • Similarity
  • Status
  • Salience
  • Success

15
Insight A nominal fallacy?
  • Sultan and Gestalt psychology
  • Pigeons show insight only if they have learned
    that a particular component action leads to a
    goal
  • Primates may use mental imagery
  • Neither humans nor chimpanzees will be able to
    think of objects they have never seen or imagine
    themselves performing behaviors they have never
    performed or seen others perform (Carlson
    Buskist, p. 155)
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