Chapter 1 Getting Acquainted With Computers, Programs, and C

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Chapter 1Getting Acquainted With Computers,
Programs, and C
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• A Typical PC

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• The Hardware

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• The Central Processing Unit (CPU)The central
  processing unit (CPU) is the brain and nerve
  center of the entire system. This is where all of
  the calculations and decisions are made. In a PC
  system, the entire CPU is contained within a
  single integrated circuit (IC) chip called a
  microprocessor.

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• Typical Operations Performed by the
  ALU Addition
• Subtraction ?
• Multiplication
• Division /
• Modulus (Remainder)
• Equal to
• Not equal to !
• Less than lt
• Less than or equal to lt
• Greater than gt
• Greater than or equal to gt

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• Primary MemoryPrimary memory often is called
  main working memory. The reason for this is that
  primary, or main, memory is used to store
  programs and data while they are being worked,
  or executed, by the CPU.

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• Binary Values bit 0 or 1
• byte 8 bits
• kilobyte(KB) 1024 bytes
• megabyte(MB) 1,048,576 bytes
• gigabyte(GB) 1,073,741,824 bytes

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• Secondary MemorySecondary memory, sometimes
  called bulk or mass storage, is used to hold
  programs and data on a semi-permanent basis. The
  most common types of secondary memory used in PC
  systems are magnetic disks and CDs.

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• InputInput is what goes into the system. Input
  devices are hardware devices that provide a means
  of entering programs and data into the system.
  The major input devices for a PC system are the
  keyboard, mouse, and disk drive.

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• OutputOutput is what comes out of the system.
  Output devices are hardware devices that provide
  a means of getting data out of the system. The
  four major output devices with which you will be
  concerned are the display monitor, printer, disk
  drive, and modem.

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• Loading and Saving Your C Programs

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• The Fetch/Execute CycleThe fetch/execute cycle
  is what takes place when you run a program.

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• The SoftwareComputer software can be likened to
  the driver of an automobile. Without the driver,
  nothing happens. In other words, the computer
  hardware by itself can do nothing. A set of
  software instructions that tells the computer
  what to do is called a computer program.

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• Machine LanguageAll of the hardware components
  in a computer system, including the CPU, operate
  on a language made up of binary 1s and 0s. A
  CPU does not understand any other language.

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• Assembly LanguageAssembly language employs
  alphabetic abbreviations called mnemonics that
  are easily remembered by you, the programmer. For
  instance, the mnemonic for addition is ADD, the
  mnemonic for move is MOV, and so forth.

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• Operating SystemsAn operating system, or OS, is
  the glue that binds the hardware to the
  application software. Actually, an operating
  system is a collection of software programs
  dedicated to managing the resources of the
  system.

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• High-Level LanguageA high-level language
  consists of instructions, or statements, that are
  similar to English and common mathematical
  notation. When programming in a high-level
  language, you do not have to concern yourself
  with the specific instruction set of the CPU.
  Rather, you can concentrate on solving the
  problem at hand.

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• Language TranslationA source program is the one
  that you write in the C language and that
  normally has a file extension of .cpp. An object
  program is the binary machine language program
  generated by the C compiler, which always has a
  file extension of .obj.

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• C Translation

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• Structured vs. Object-Oriented LanguagesThe C
  language is a structured language that allows
  complex problems to be solved using a modular,
  top/down, approach. The C language contains the
  C language for structured programming, but in
  addition extends the C language to provide for
  object-oriented programming (OOP).

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• Object-oriented programming (OOP) allows complex
  problems to be solved using more natural objects
  that model the way we humans think about things.

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• Hello World /
• NAME ANDREW C. STAUGAARD JR.
• CLASS CS1
• PROGRAM TITLE HELLO WORLD
• DATE 5/16/01
• THIS PROGRAM WILL DISPLAY THE MESSAGE "Hello
  World" TO THE SYSTEM MONITOR
• /
• //PREPROCESSOR SECTION
• include ltiostream.hgt //FOR cout
• //MAIN FUNCTION SECTION
• int main()
• //BEGIN MAIN FUNCTION BLOCK
• cout ltlt "Hello World" //DISPLAY MESSAGE TO
  MONITOR
• return 0
• //END MAIN FUNCTION BLOCK