BK8030|40 Ways to study hto schakel September 2005

1
BK803040 Ways to study hto schakel September 2005

• Browse via blackboard or direct to website
  team.bk.tudelft.nl education gt 2005 gt BK803040
• Tentamen elaborating 20 take home assignments
  on your own website
• 1 and 2 before September 26st 24h
• 3-17 before before October 31st 24h
• other assignments and deadlines follow

2
Make your own website

• Copy (do not drag!) a Word document as index.htm
• on your H-disk in the directory internet
• make links in that document
• to other .doc, .xls, .htm, .gif, .jpg documents
  copied in that directory

3
Look at your website

• Look at the webadress with your own studentnumber
• for example webadress (URL) http//www.bk.tudelft.
  nl/students/b1233408/internet/ On problems ask
  helpdesk or phone 81360

4
BK8040 assignment 1 and 2

• Publish on your website before September 26th 24h
  an analysis of your building
• by method Ching
• by method Clark Pause

5
Handing in your results

• As soon as you ended assignments 1-2 before 2005
  september 26st 24h
• mailtoM.E.Wenmeekers-Thomas_at_bk.tudelft.nl
• your web adress, student number and code BK8030
• Check your webadress and results
• If you take exception to publish your marks this
  way, please mailtoM.E.Wenmeekers-Thomas_at_bk.tudelf
  t.nl

6
BK8030 assignments 3-6

• Publish on your website before October 31st
• actual and previous own design work
• making it retrievable for others by at least two
  images, documenting them by key words
• a computer animation related to your work
• an organigram describing your own most succesful
  design process

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Organigram 1
8
Organigram 2
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BK8030 assignment 7

• Publish on your website before October 31st
• a bibliography and iconography of your own
  fascinations

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A nice bibliography

• Book
• Barbieri, Umberto and Cees Boekraad (1982)
  Kritiek en ontwerp (Nijmegen) SUN
• Ching, F. D. K. (1979) Architecture form, space
  and order (New York) Van Nostrand Reinhold
  Company, Inc.
• Clark, R. H. and Pause, M. (1985) Precendents in
  Architecture (New York) Van Nostrand Reinhold
  Company, Inc.
• Guney, Ali (2004) Four ways to plan analysis
  (Delft) Faculty of Architecture
• Leupen, B. Grafe, C. Körnig, N. Lampe, M. and
  Zeeuw, P.de (1993 or later) Ontwerp en analyse
  (Rotterdam) Uitgeverij 010 ISBN 90-6450-192-0
• Edited book
• Jong, T.M. de Voordt, D.J.M. van der eds.
  (2002) Ways to Study and research Urban,
  Architectural and Technical Design (Delft) DUP
  Science.
• Book section
• Tzonis, A. (1990) Huts, ships and bottleracks in
  Cross, N. K. Dorst and N. Rosenburg Eds.(1991)
  Research in design thinking (Delft) Delft
  University Press

11
BK8030 assignments 8-10

• Publish on your website before October 31st
• at least two reference images fascinating you
  professionally, mentioning their source
• naming and describing what is readable from these
  pictures in key words
• comparing them scientifically, naming the ways
  to study available for such a comparison

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Reference images

• www.google.nl
• www.archined.nl
• www.architectenweb.nl/
• www.architectenwerk.nl
• www.archinform.net/
• www.greatbuildings.com/
• www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/arch
• www.bk.tudelft.nl/agram/
• iaai.bk.tudelft.nl

13
Choose at least two images
Arjen Weyer 28-5-99
Leon Wielaard 21-1-00     
Compare them to show your field of interest
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Similarities in design means
Found by Tzonis (1999) figure 42 on page 89
15
Monika Indriasari
Title The fast growing metropolis Source
http//www.jezohare.com
Title The beginning of metropolis Source
http//archnet.org
16
Readable from the images
Jakarta(booming(Central Business District,
settlements(formal, informal)))
Jakarta(contrast(diversity(space, inhabitants)),
segregation(spatial, social, functional))
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Comparison of the images

• activities(dispersion(urban transformation))
• conflict(constraint(urban differentiation(spatial
  , functional, social, economical)))
• history(urban transformation)

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Ways to study the images

• conceptual recording of each image (naming)
• investigation of the spatial/structural urban
  context over different periods (naming)
• description of its characteristics (describing)
• plan analysis (design research)
• predicting impacts (modelling)
• critical interpretation (evaluating)
• formulating intentions for design (programming)
• design experiments (design study)
• evaluating ex ante (evaluating)

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BK8030 assignments 11-14

• before October 31st publish what kind of
• types useful for design your comparison could
  produce
• design concepts you could derive from the objects
  you published
• models you could make of the objects you
  published
• programmes you can read from the published images

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Form types
From section B Design research and typology 10
Design research 12 Typological research
21
Form Types
22
Design concepts
From section B Design research and typology 13
Concept and type
A concept is not a type. Is it a preparametric
sketch? Leupen says No, it is an idea directing
the building team from global design to detail.
23
Models
From section D Modelling 22 Modelling reality 24
Mathematical models 26 The empirical cycle 27
Forecasting and problem spotting
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Programme of requirements PvE
From section E Programing and Optimising 29.
Programming of buildings 31. Designing a city hall
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BK8030 assignment 15

• Publish on your website before October 31st
• an essay (1 page) concerning at least 10 key
  words from the book Ways to Study
• given in your personal key word list distributed
  on the lecture
• not necessarily related to your work

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BK8030 assignments 16-17

• Publish on your website before October 31st
• a scientific study proposal for your graduate
  study
• a critical review of a website of one of the
  other participants of this course

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Handing in your results

• As soon as you ended assignments 3-17 before 2005
  October 31st 24h
• mailtoM.E.Wenmeekers-Thomas_at_bk.tudelft.nl
• your web adress, student number and code BK8030
• Check your webadress and results
• If you take exception to publish your marks this
  way, please mailtoM.E.Wenmeekers-Thomas_at_bk.tudelf
  t.nl

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Judging BK803040
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Imaginable
art
design study
Extending science
empirical research
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Creativity according toHerman Hertzberger

• A simple recipe for creativity written by
  architect
• Herman Hertzberger (1999, 2000, 2002)
• break off the cliché,
• collect many images,
• locate them in another context and
• start to adapt them.

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Break off the cliché
Robert Delaunay (1913)
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Change context (for example museum)
Marcel Duchamps (1917)
33
Combine, leave out, adapt
Pablo Picasso (1942)
34
Adapt reference images
Found by Tzonis (1999) figure 42 on page 89
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Model them in a composition

• dividing (verdelen)
• articulating (geleden)
• tailoring (tailleren)
• detailing (detailleren)

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Dividing, Articulating
37
Tailoring, Detailing
adapting to context
components and connecting details
38
Composition

• marking out components, their variation and
  characteristic details,
• connecting details between components,
• crucial details in the composition,
• determining striking details.

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10m
40
30m
41
100m
42
Varying components
43
Composition
44
Larger scale as context(museum, movement)
Marcel Duchamps
45
Limits of scope (object and context)Scale
paradox
46
Unravelling scale
47
Make probable by causes Make possible by
conditions
Not every condition is a cause, but every cause
is a condition for something to happen
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Unravelling condition and cause
49
Domains of future
50
Domainsin design science
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Ways to study
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Ways to study and researchurban, architectural
and technical design

• Prof.dr.ir. A.C.J.M. Eekhout
• Prof.dr.ir. T. M. de Jong
• Dr. D.J.M. van der Voordt

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Method and study

• Method originates from old Greek meta hodos
  (meta ?odos), the way along which or the way
  to.
• Thats why we gave our methodology book the name
  Ways to Study. Study encloses search, research,
  inquiry, investigation, examination and so on.

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Research, a special kind of study

• We do not use the popular but more limited word
  research, because it has a strictly empirical
  connotation. It concerns existing cases. It does
  not enclose all design related forms of study
  like design itself.

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Composition, an other kind of study

• Composers like Chopin, painters like Rembrandt
  and architects like Le Corbusier made studies
  as well they did not re-search, they searched by
  creation (leaving out at least one assumption
  supposed to be self-evident until then).

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Negating existing cases

• Inventors, composers try to find new examples,
  prototypes, negating existing cases, avoiding the
  clichés, the very well known examples tacitly
  supposed by their contemporaries.

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48 Authors from 1 faculty
There are more methods of design, study and
research than there are designers and scientists.
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Ways to Study and Researchurban, architectural
and technical design

• CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Naming and describing
• Design research and typology
• Evaluating
• Modelling
• Programming and optimising
• Technical Study 
• Design Study
• Study by design
• Epilogue

Empirical research
Study by design
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Introduction
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

• Preface (Fokkema)
• Introduction (Jong Voordt)
• Languages (Dijkhuis)
• Criteria for scientific research, study and
  design (Jong, Voordt)

Science equals any collection of statements that
features a reliable relationship to reality, a
valid mutual relationship and a critical
potential with regard to other statements in the
same domain.
60
Domains according to Van der Voordt
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Domains according De Jong
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Ways to Study and Researchurban, architectural
and technical design

• CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Naming and describing
• Design research and typology
• Evaluating
• Modelling
• Programming and optimising
• Technical Study 
• Design Study
• Study by design
• Epilogue

Empirical research
Study by design
63
A. Naming anddescribing
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

1. Naming components and concepts (Jong Rosemann)
2. Retrieval and reference (Jong Voordt)
3. Descriptive research (Lans Voordt)
4. Historical research (Macel)
5. Map study (Moens)
6. Casuistry resulting in laws (Hobma Schutte)

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B. Design researchand typology
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

1. Design research (Jong Duin)
2. Designerly enquiry (Breen)
3. Typological Research (Jong Engel)
4. Concept and Type (Leupen)
5. Analysis of buildings (Molema)
6. Plan analysis (Meyer)
7. Design driven research (Breen)

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Plan analysis

• Plan analysis originates from both Latin and old
  Greek. Planum is Latin for surface or map.
  Analysis (ana lusis) means loosening up. In the
  same way precedent analysis means loosening up
  pre-cedents, preceding (historical) examples. So,
  it is a kind of re-search design research as
  Ways to Study names the intended kind of study.

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Precendents

• However, precedent is a juridical term to
  indicate avoidable cases.
• Laws are made to avoid bad cases, precedents.
• The Watergate case made President Nixon an
  avoidable case. Newspapers called him the
  Precedent of the United States.
• By such background it became part of contemporary
  everyday speech.

67
Architectural precedents

• On the other hand, architectural precedents are
  analysed to learn designers possibilities, not to
  imitate them, but to combine well-known parts
  into their own new syntheses, wholes,
  conceptions, types, programmes, models,
  applicable in always unique other contexts.

68
From analysis into synthesis

• It supposes such associations can help creating
  new syntheses. However, within that supposition
  there are more suppositions hided.
• For example it supposes designing as a way of
  outward thinking from parts into a whole
  (syn-theses, sun-?esis means putting together).

69
Outward from part to whole

• Synthesis is not the opposite of analysis, it
  follows analysis being its ultimate aim. Both
  operations together (induction followed by
  deduction) are a method opposite to an inward
  holistic approach.

70
Inward from whole to part

• The holistic approach articulates and details the
  whole into recognizable parts like a sculptor
  does with a piece of wood or stone, or an urban
  designer starting with an urban context to define
  the identity of a smaller location within that
  whole.

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Clark and Pause (2005)

• On the other hand, analysing architectural
  examples means you draw parts to synthesize new
  wholes by combination later.
• By doing so, Clark and Pause analyse 104
  examples, typing them by drawing parts
  (reductions, diagrams) of a supposed
  architectural reality.

72
Sources of CP typology

• site plans
• floor plans
• primary horizontal pedestrian circulations
  (vertical ones not emphasised)
• bearing parts (called structures)

73
Sources of CP typology

• sections
• intrusion of natural light
• sections recognizable in - or related to - floor
  plans (called plan to section)
• elevations
• missing material, openings, their dispersion,
  character (entrance and view)
• globally visible masses (called massing)

74
Sources of CP typology

• variation of components (uniqueness as a high
  value on that variable equal is low)
• their dominance in a supposed hierarchy
• mirrored repetition(called symmetry, balance)
• additive repetition

75
Sources of CP typology

• their composition (called unit to a whole)
• a formal reconstruction by supposed addition or
  subtraction of components
• geometric proportions between some lengths,
  widths, heights of components
• a conclusion, a the common divisor of these
  analytical operations, a parti.

76
Design as synthesis

• Synthetic design is supposed to occur in some
  reverse way, subdividing these analytical
  reductions into formative ideas to conceive a
  new design.

77
Starting synthetic design

• Then, the parti, now seen as a pre-parametric
  sketch (better to be named a pre-metric or even
  better a measureless sketch) or conception, could
  be the point of departure of a synthetic design
  process by adding formative ideas from any
  example.

78
Sorting examples per idea?

• So, Clark and Pause (2005) take the formative
  ideas as a starting point to collect examples per
  formative idea in the second part of their book.
• However, are these formative ideas ideas
  (conceptions) indeed?
• Or are they types, stimulating the design ideas,
  possible parts of a conception?

79
Sorting examples by type

• Clark and Pause also claim to unravel designs
  into archetypes by comparison.
• So, actually a typology emerges.
• In their first part the categories of types are
  collected per example, in their second part, the
  examples are collected per type.

80
Types, no formative ideas

• The naming and order of succession in the second
  part is changed, and they are elaborated into
  subcategories.
• It strengthens the suggestion these names
  represent formative ideas (conceptions) instead
  of what they are categories found by
  generalization, types.

81
Examples of types

• types of site plans not represented in a
  typology
• types of floor plans
• circulation types (called configuration
  patterns) linear use linear circulation
  central use central circulation double centre
  cluster nested, concentric binuclear
• bearing parts (called structures) not
  represented in a typology

82
Lacking types

• types of sections
• intrusion of natural light not represented in a
  typology
• plan to section equal half analogous
  proportional inverse
• types of elevations not represented in a
  typology
• missing material, openings, their dispersion,
  character (entrance and view)
• globally visible masses (called massing) not
  represented in a typology

83
Varying components

• types of component variation (called
  progressions)
• hierarchy
• mirrored variation (called symmetry, balance)
  symmetrybalance by configurationbalance by
  geometrybalance by positive and negative

84
Varying components

• additive variation
• transition transformation mediation
• repetitive to uniqueunique surrounded by
  repetitiveunique by transformation of
  repetitiveunique in repetitive fieldunique
  added to repetitiveunique defined by repetitive

85
Composition

• types of composition
• formal reconstruction by supposed addition or
  subtraction of primary components
• subtractive additive
• unit equals whole units contained in whole
  whole greater than sum of units units aggregate
  to form whole units overlap units separate

86
Composition

• geometric proportions recognizable between some
  lengths, widths, heights
• basic geometry circle and square rectangle
  overlapped by circle two squares nine-square
  four-square 1.4 and 1.6 rectangles geometric
  derivatives rotated, shifted, overlapped
  pinwheel, radial and spiral grid
• reduction large plus small reduction part of
  whole reduction

87
Parti

1. types of partis not represented in a typology

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Using well-known types in design

• So, we now can speak about different types of
  buildings linear use type, linear circulation
  type, double centre type and so on.
• Strengthening a specific typological
  characteristic could be the aim of partial design
  operations.

89
Type transformation in design

• So, you could try to transform your circular
  drawing into a more linear type, but that means a
  lot of partial transformations, with many kinds
  of side-effects.
• If you do not want to loose direction, you need a
  conception.

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What is a conception?

• The conception of a building is not a type,
  because a conception is unique for a building in
  a unique context.
• It should coordinate the imagination of all
  participants from context into details.

91
Con-ception

• It can bring together different types, but also
  characteristic details, a style, a programme, a
  context, an atmosphere, a life style directing
  the whole process of design with many
  participants.
• Con-ception is Latin for grasping together.

92
C.Evaluating
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

1. Ex post evaluation of buildings (Voordt Wegen)
2. Ex ante research (Hulsbergen Schaaf)
3. Ex ante performance evaluation of housing
   (Thomsen)
4. Evaluating prototypes
5. Comparing and evaluating drawings (De Jong)

93
D. Modelling
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

1. Modelling reality (Klaasen)
2. Verbal Models (Jong)
3. Mathematical Models (Jong Graaf)
4. Visualisation and architecture (Koutamanis)
5. The empirical cycle (Priemus)
6. Forecasting and Problem Spotting (Jong Priemus)

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Example Mathematical models

• De Jong en De Graaf
• Origins
• The mathematical model is no reality
• Mathematics is a language
• Numbering
• Counting
• Values and variables
• Combinatorics
• Taming the combinatorial explosion
• Program of a site
• The resolution of a medium
• The tolerance of production
• Nominal size systems

1. Geometry
2. Graphs
3. Probability
4. Linear Programming (LP)
5. Matrix calculation
6. The Simplex method
7. Functions
8. Fractals
9. Differentiation
10. Integration
11. Differential equations
12. Systems modelling

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A mathematical model
96
E. Programming and optimising
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

1. Urban Programming Research (Guyt Hulsbergen)
2. Programming of buildings (Voordt Wegen)
3. Programming Building Construction (Eekhout
   Cuperus)
4. Designing a city hall (Weeber Eldijk Kan)
5. Design by optimisation (Loon)
6. Optimisation of performance requirements (Houben)
7. The environmental maximisation method
   (Duijvestein)

97
F.Technical study 
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

1. Re-design and renovation (Verhoef)
2. Study of Building Services and Installations
   (Schalkoort)
3. Methodical design of load-bearing constructions
   (Kamerling)
4. Classification and combination (Cuperus)
5. Methodology and component development (Eekhout)
6. Industrial design methods (Jager)
7. Future ICT developments (Sariyildiz Stouffs
   Ciftcioglu Tuncer)

98
G. Design study
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

1. Creating space of thought (Hertzberger)
2. Perceiving and conceiving (Hertzberger)
3. Formation of the image (Jong Rosemann)
4. Experience, intuition and conception (Geuze
   Eldijk Kan)
5. Designing an office (Brouwer Eldijk Kan)
6. Designing a village (Heeling Eldijk Kan)
7. Urban design methods (Westrik)
8. Studying Design (Jong)

There are more design methods than designers.
99
H. Study by design
CONTENTS Introduction A. Naming and describing B.
Design research and typology C. Evaluating D.
Modelling E. Programming and optimising F.
Technical study  G. Design Study H. Study by
design Epilogue

1. Types of study by design (Voordt, Jong)
2. Designing Naturalis in a changing context
   (Verheijen Eldijk Kan)
3. Designing a building for art and culture (Röling
   Eldijk Kan)
4. Contemplations for Copenhagen (Bergh)
5. Learning from The Bridge project (Breen)
6. Creating non-orthogonal architecture (Vollers)
7. Design in Strategy (Frieling)

100
Ways to Study and Researchurban, architectural
and technical design

• CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Naming and describing
• Design research and typology
• Evaluating
• Modelling
• Programming and optimising
• Technical Study 
• Design Study
• Study by design
• Epilogue

Empirical research
Study by design
101
Operational study proposals

• y(x)
• landscape( villa)
• villa( landscape)
• villa( landscape( water system))
• urbanity( liveliness, choice)
• ( liveliness, choice)( density, variety)

102
Nested key words

• villa(landscape(water-system, history))
• villa(landscape(water-system(history)))
• villa(landscape((water-system, occupation)(history
  , spatial dispersion)))
• )( means a matrix

history spatial dispersion
water-system 1 2
occupation 3 4
useful as a list of contents of your report 1
water-system(history) 2 water-system(spatial
dispersion) 3 occupation(history) 4
occupation(spatial dispersion)
103
Syntactic key words

• object y as a working (function, action, output,
  result, property) of
• subject x (independent variabele actor, input,
  condition, cause)
• y(x)
• object(subject)
• Suffering object(subject)
• impact(condition, cause)
• aim(means)
• The verb is replaced by brackets ()
• Form follows function. form(function)
• landscape(villa)
• villa(landscape)

See also index of Ways to Study
104
Operations (functions) y f(x)

• intuitive f(x) associated with x
• conditional f(x) possible by x
• set-theoretical f(x) part of x, encloses x,
  without x ...
• logical f(x) if x, not x ...
• mathematical f(x) xx , x2...
• causal f(x) caused by x
• temporal f(x) preceded, followed by x
• spatial(formal) f(x) near to, contiguous to,
  surrounded by x ...
• structural f(x) connected with x, seperated
  from x ...
• combinations a box of boards connected by
  nailsbox(boards, nails)

105
Valid, Reliable