Job Safety Analysis

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Job Safety Analysis

• Or
• Job Hazard Analysis

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For More Information See
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Job Safety AnalysisFocusing your Safety and
Health Efforts

• This course will help you to understand and
  conduct your own Job Safety Analysis.  The aim is
  to help you identify and correct the most serious
  safety issues facing your particular situation.  
• This course focuses on employee safety and
  health, but the general method may be applied to
  other loss prevention efforts (environmental and
  fire protection, liability, etc.)

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Job Safety AnalysisWhat is a Job Safety Analysis
(JSA)

• A JSA is a technique of screening job tasks as a
  way to identify hazards before they occur.
• It focuses on the relationship between the
  worker, the task, the tools and the work
  environment.
• After identifying hazards, you can take steps to
  eliminate or reduce the hazard to an acceptable
  level.
• Hazard a potential for harm
• A hazard is associated with a condition or
  activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result
  in an injury or illness.

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Why conduct a Job Safety Analysis

• To become aware of all the hazards associated
  with each position in your organization.
• To prevent work related deaths, injuries, or
  illness by eliminating or controlling hazards
  identified.
• To ensure all employees have the proper job
  procedures to ensure their safety.
• To ensure all employees have the training,
  equipment, and supplies to do their jobs safely

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Hazard Awareness

• When conducting a Job Safety Analysis you'll need
  to take a fresh look at the way things are done
  at your work place.  
• Just because "We've been doing it this way for 20
  years,"  doesn't mean that a hazard doesn't
  exist.  
• Accepting a risk or hazard is not the same as
  eliminating or controlling it.
• You'll need to take a comprehensive look at all
  possible hazards with an open mind.  (We'll
  suggest a way to rank the hazards later.)

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How do I Conduct a JSA?

• Involve your employees in the JSA process.
• Identify the job or task to be analyzed.
• Break the job or task into key components.
• Identify the hazards found in each key component.
• Use accident history of injuries and near
  misses.
• Identify ways to eliminate or control these
  hazards.
• Act to eliminate the hazard or implement the
  controls.
• Record the hazards identified and the steps taken
  to eliminate or control them.
• Periodically assess controls to ensure they are
  working correctly.

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Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Identifying the
Job for Analysis

• Any job or task that meets any of the following
  conditions should have a JSA conducted for it.

• Tasks with a history of injuries, or near misses.
• Catastrophic potential fire, explosion, chemical
  release, toxic atmospheres, oxygen deficient
  atmospheres.
• Tasks done in new environments

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Conducting a Job Safety Analysis Identifying the
Job for Analysis

• In addition, any job or task that meets any of
  the following conditions should also have a JSA
  conducted for it
• New people doing the task.
• Tasks that have changed.
• Rarely performed jobs.
• Any task done under a safety "Work permit"
  condition (e.g. permit required confined space,
  hot work permits, Lock Out/Tag Out).

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisIdentifying
Jobs for a JSA

• Look at jobs injuring workers using existing
  information found in
• Your accident or incident reports
• Workers' compensation claims
• Conduct walk through observations to identify
  hazardous jobs or tasks.

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Identifying the Job/Task for AnalysisExisting
Information Sources

• Incident or accident reports will direct you to
  the jobs that have injured workers in the past.
• Dont forget near misses.
• Workers' compensation claims will show you jobs
  that have caused an injury.  

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Identifying the Job/Task for AnalysisWalk-through
Observations

• Observe workers doing their jobs to identify
  potential hazards that may lead to an injury, pay
  attention to the amount of time the worker is
  exposed to a particular hazard.
• Talk with workers to find out what they think is
  the most hazardous part of their job, ask them if
  what you observed them doing is typical.

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Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis Hazard
Sources - Walk-through Observations

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Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis Hazard
Sources - Walk-through Observations
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Identifying the Job/Task for Analysis Hazard
Sources - Walk-through Observations
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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisInvolving
Workers and Managers in the JSA

• Once you have identified jobs needing a JSA, then
  its time to start conducting the JSA's.

• They can help to identify hazards and they will
  have ownership of the JSA and may more readily
  accept the findings and hazard controls selected.
  

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Conducting a Job Safety Analysis

• Once the job is identified, you must break it
  into key components or sub-tasks and then
  identify and list all the hazards associated with
  each subtask.
• What can go wrong?
• What are the consequences?
• How could a problem happen?
• How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
• The following screens will help you break down a
  job, and identify and rank hazards.

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisBreak Identified
Job into KEY Components

• Too much detail makes the Job Safety Analysis
  cumbersome.
•  Too Much Detail

• Get ladder from storage.
• Get new light bulb from storage.
• Carry ladder and light bulb to light needing
  changing.
• Place ladder under light to be changed.
• Ensure light switch is in the off position.
• Climb ladder.
• Remove light cover.
• Twist light bulb in a counter clock-wise
  direction until it is free of the socket. 
• Remove old light bulb.
• Remove new light bulb from package.
• Insert new light bulb into socket. 
• Turn in a clock-wise direction until tightened. 
• Replace Cover. 
• Descend ladder.
• Place old light bulb in trash.
• Carry ladder back to storage.

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisBreak Identified
Job into KEY Components

• Too little detail may omit hazards.
• Too Little Detail

• Get a ladder and new light bulb.
• Change bulb.
• Put ladder away and
  throw out old light bulb.

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisBreak Identified
Job into KEY Components

• The correct amount of detail breaks the job into
  components that make sense in terms of the
  overall job.
• Right Amount of Detail 
• Get ladder and new light bulb.
• Place ladder under light to be changed. 
• Use ladder, change bulb.
• Put tools and supplies away.

• When evaluating a task, such as "changing a light
  bulb" remember that you do not want too much
  detail, or too little detail, keep your focus on
  obtaining the right amount of detail.

• Generally limit the number of components to 10 or
  less.

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisQuestions to Ask
about each Sub-task

• This following list of questions is intended to
  help focus your effort at identifying and
  controlling hazards.
• While the list is comprehensive, it is not
  complete, and you'll need to think about the
  sub-tasks and the particular hazards they
  present. 
• Questions to ask
• Does the layout of the location or process create
  hazards, (e.g. pedestrian/fork-lift traffic)?
• Is there adequate access and egress to and from
  the work area?
• Are workers exposed to temperature extremes?
• Is the lighting adequate?
• Is the work done outdoors? Can the weather
  create a hazard?

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisQuestions to Ask
about each Sub-task Cont

• Does the task require entering a confined space?
• Is the work done at heights (from a ladder, roof
  top, etc.)?
• Do the tools or equipment create a hazard?
• Is there excessive noise or vibration?
• Can any part of the worker's body or clothing be
  caught in the equipment?
• Is the tool or equipment appropriate for the task
  (strength, size, power, etc.)?
• Are chemicals used?
• Does the worker come into direct contact with the
  chemicals?

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisQuestions to Ask
about each Sub-task Cont

• Are the chemicals released into the air (gas,
  mists, vapors, etc.)?
• Are workers exposed to electrical hazards?
• Are there excavations, holes, or floor openings
  in the work area?
• Are the workers exposed to stored energy hazards
  such as line pressure, electricity, steam, or
  falling objects?
• Does the process start and stop automatically?
• Are robotics used in the process?
• Can human factor issues (training, fitness,
  fatigue, etc.) create a hazard?
• Is there risk of injury from material handling
  such as lifting, carrying, pushing or pulling)?
• Is there risk of repetitive motion injury?

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisRanking
Hazardous Tasks

• Once you've identified the jobs that have the
  potential to or are in fact injuring workers,
  you'll need to rank these tasks and start
  addressing the most serious first.  
• One method for ranking tasks considers the
  probability of the hazard causing injury, along
  with an estimate of the severity of the resulting
  injury.  
• These are not necessarily precise predictions of
  when and how severe an injury may be, they are an
  estimate of the outcome and the likelihood of the
  injury occurring.  
• The next three slides presents this method  for
  ranking hazardous tasks. 

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisA Method to
Prioritize Hazardous Tasks

• Consider the severity of an injury if something
  were to go wrong while doing a task.  
• Look at the four categories under "Severity.

Severity 4 Catastrophic, may cause death 3
Critical, may cause serious injury or illness 2
Marginal, may cause minor injury or illness 1
Negligible, will not cause injury or illness
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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisA Method to
Prioritize Hazardous Tasks

• Next think about how often the worker is exposed
  to the hazard using the categories found in the
  "Probability" table.  

Probability 5 Frequently, likely to occur
frequently 4 Probable, will occur several
times 3 Occasional, likely to occur 2 Remote,
unlikely but possible 1 Improbable, so unlikely
it can be assumed that it will not
occur
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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisA Method to
Prioritize Hazardous Tasks

• Multiply the "Severity" rank by the "Probability"
  rank.
• Organize the hazardous tasks by their score from
  highest to lowest, address the highest scored
  tasks first.
• This method can help you decide which is more
  important, an infrequent job that has the
  potential to kill a worker, or a frequent job
  that is injuring workers.  

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisJSA Sample Form

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisEliminating or
Controlling Hazards

• Now that you've identified the job and evaluated
  its sub-tasks and their hazards, you need to
  identify ways to eliminate or control these
  hazards.
• The best method to protect workers is to
  eliminate the hazard at the source. Transfer the
  Risk
• If elimination is not possible, control the
  hazard at its source with engineering controls or
  limit exposures using administrative controls.
• If engineering or administrative controls are not
  enough to reduce the exposure to an acceptable
  level, personal protective equipment must be
  used.
• Personal protective equipment is also used while
  engineering controls are being installed.

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisEliminating
Hazards

• Totally eliminate the hazard or process mostly
  unrealistic
• Engineering Controls - changing the process or
  re-engineering to eliminate or minimize the
  hazards.
• The most effective control measure
• The more reliable or less likely a hazard control
  can be circumvented, the better
• Isolate the hazard enclose a hazardous machine
• Substitution - substituting a toxic chemical with
  one having a lower toxicity

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Conducting a Job Safety AnalysisEliminating
Hazards

• Administrative Controls
• Tighten up procedures and safe work practices
  including use of hazardous materials
• Alarms, signs and warnings
• Training
• Exposure limitations time limits on hazardous
  duties
• Buddy system
• Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as
  temporary control method
• Respirators
• Hearing protection
• Eye protection
• Hardhats
• Protective clothing including shoes

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Controlling HazardsSummary

• If the hazard can not be eliminated, steps must
  be taken to control the worker's exposure to it
  through
• Engineering Controls
• Administrative Controls
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Combinations of Controls
• Combinations of Controls may need to be used if
  the hazard can't be completely controlled by
  engineering controls alone.