The Human

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The Human
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Content

• Thinking
• Learning
• Errors
• Skill acquisition
• Mental-models, knowledge
• importance
• structural and Functional models
• Metaphors
• icons
• Conceptual Models
• Cognitive Models
• Social and Organizational Aspects

• Human Major Senses
• The central senses
• 4 stages of human information processing
• Visual Perception(VP)
• 2 approaches in explaining VP
• The capabilities and limitation of visual
  processing
• Reading
• Hearing
• Others
• Memory
• 3 types

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Human Major Senses

• human information processing
• Vision
• Hearing
• Touch
• Taste
• Smell

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The central senses

• Vision
• Hearing
• Touch

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4 stages of human information processing

• Encoding
• Comparison
• Response selection
• Response execution
• plus
• The processes of attention and memory

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The perceptual system

• The mental apparatus that translates sensations
  of the physical world as detected by the bodys
  sensory system into internal representations in
  the mind.

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Visual Perception - use in design of visual
interfaces

• Perceiving size and depth -visual angle, visual
  acuity
• perceiving brightness - the amount of light
  emitted by an object
• Perceiving colour - hue, intensity and saturation

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2 approaches in explaining visual perception

• The constructivist perception involves the
  intervention of representation and memories
• The ecological perception is a direct process,
  information is simply detected rather than being
  constructed

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The capabilities and limitation of visual
processing

• Visual processing involves the transformation and
  interpretation of image
• Our expectation is an important factor in what
  will be interprated
• Eg. Ambiguous shapes, Muller-Lyer, Ponzo, text
• Perception - the process of becoming aware of
  objects
• representation - appearance of things

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• How do you interpret figure a and b?

b
a
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Reading

• Steps of reading
• 1) visual pattern perceived
• 2) decoded to an internal representation
• 3) syntactic and semantic analysis
• Eye, jerky movements (saccades), fixation (during
  which perception occurs)
• Adults read 250 word/minute
• Words are recognize as quickly as a single
  character
• Capitalizing words will effect speed and accuracy

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• RED
• BLACK
• YELLOW
• BLUE
• RED
• GREEN
• YELLOW
• BLACK
• BLUE
• BLACK
• RED
• YELLOW
• GREEN
• BLUE
• GREEN

ZYP QLEKF SUWRG XCIDB WOPR ZYP QLEKF XCIDB
SUWRG WOPR SUWRG ZYP XCIDB QLEKF WOPR
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ntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapa
tmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalume
mbelinyadenganhatiyangriangria
PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamu
ntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapa
tmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalume
mbelinyadenganhatiyangriangria.
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Hearing

• The human ear- outer ear (protect and amplify)
  processing sound
• middle ear (vibration occurs and transmit to
  inner ear)
• inner ear (send impulses to the auditory nerves)
• We can determine what and where
• 20 HzltFrequency lt 15 kHz

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Others

• Touch - hot, cold, feeling of action such as
  picking up a glass, pressing the keys on the
  keyboard
• Important means of feedback
• Movement reaction time movement time
• movement time depends on the physical abilities (
  age, fitness)
• reaction time (speed of senses)

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Memory

• Sensory - iconic, echoic and haptic memory
• Short-term -scratch-pad for temporary recall
• 356
• examples number sequence, chunking, meaning
• Long-term - episodic memory (events)
• semantic memory (facts, concepts and skills)
• remember, forgetting and retrieval

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3 types of memory

• Sensory store holds information for a very
  brief period of time (a few tenth of a second)
• Short-term memory store - holds limited
  information for a short period of time (a few
  seconds)
• Permanent long-term memory store - holds
  information indefinitely

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examples

• 2653976208
• 071 242 6378
• HEC ATR ANU PTH ETR EET

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347 901 331 7347 89 134 790 133 1734 789
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Thinking

• Reasoning - deductive, inductive and abductive
• Problem-Solving

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examples

• If the light is on then the day is getting darker
• The light is on
• Therefore.
• Some people are criminals
• Some criminals are murderers

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• Statement If a card has a vowel in one side it
  has an even number on the other.
• Which card will you need to pick up to test the
  statement?

4
E
7
K
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examples

• There are 8 glasses of water in the kitchen. You
  need to carry them to the dinner table in the
  dining room.
• How would you go about doing the above task?

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Learning

• Learning by doing, like driving a car
• Computer systems - manual, steps written in such
  a way that make user feel overloaded
• users use prior knowledge to use a new system
• Errors
• Skill acquisition

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Errors

• 2 types
• Mistakesoccur through conscious deliberation
• Slipsdone unintentionally
• A captured error -frequent activity to intended
  action
• description error - action on wrong object
• data-driven error - external data interruption of
  action
• associative-activation error - internal thoughts
  interruption of action
• loss of activation error -forgetting something in
  the middle of action
• mode error -being in a state without knowing it

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Skill acquisition

• Declarative - facts about the world
• Procedural - how we do things
• inability to absorb and put into action
  declarative instruction will lead to problems in
  learning how to use a system
• offer few options so declarative knowledge small
• later on can use more complicated systems

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Mental-models, knowledge

• Knowledge - analogical, propositional,
  distributed
• network of general knowledge - the schemata
• Mental-models - the model people have of
  themselves, others, the environment and the
  things with which they interact

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Why mental-models are important?

• To design interfaces that match users mental
  models gtgt not easy since actual mental model
  experiments are difficult to find

What is the difference between images and mental
models?
Analogy of a movie, the frame and the short
snippets of a movie
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Structural and Functional models

• Structural - describes how devices and systems
  works
• Functional- describes how to use devices and
  systems

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Metaphors

• What are metaphors?
• Descriptions of an abstract concept in a familiar
  form
• Verbal, Interface metaphors
• eg. Describing using the save and find files
  system in a word processor

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Icons
a
b
c
d

• Resemblance- a
• Exemplar- b
• Symbolic- c
• Arbitrary- d

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• Conceptual model
• A model of how human understand things around
  them.
• Cognitive model
• A representation of some aspect of the mind,
  involving the acquisition of knowledge
  (understanding, remembering, reasoning, learning)

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• Traditional cognitive framework in HCI
• Incomplete -individual user performing various
  tasks at the interface in an inadequate
  conceptual framework.
• More practical view of the cognitive framework
• The design of real systems for real people to
  carry out real work activities in real
  organizational settings.

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• 2 approaches in cognitive psychology describing
  the activity of the brain
• Computational approaches conceptualize the
  cognitive system in terms of goals, planning and
  action involve in task performance
• Connectionist approaches simulate behaviour
  through using programming models

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• Distributed cognition
• A theory whose goal is to provide an explanation
  that goes beyond the individual.
• In distributed cognitionfunctional systemsis
• The collection of actors
• Computer systems and technology
• The environmental setting

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Social and OrganizationalAspects

• Group commnunications
• face-to-face, multi-party conversations
• computer-mediated multi-party communication
• constraints such as the images and sound that can
  be transmitted across the communication line
• appearance of users
• Organization- paperles, automated office,
  electronic cottage, global village